APUSH ch 25

water-poor

How would you describe the climate and land life of the West?

grazing competition and hunting

What threatened to extinguish the vast bison herds that once attracted settlers?

diseases, hunted bison

How did white settlers undermine the foundations of Native American culture?

territories

What were many Indians confined to?

Sand Creek Massacre

Indian wars in the West were bad clashes. What was the event where the Colorado militia butchered more than 200 Cheyenne Indians who thought they had been promised immunity?

Fetterman Massacre

Indian wars in the West were bad clashes. What was the event where Indians left not a single figure and disfigured corpses?

Fetterman massacre

What led to the Battle of Little Bighorn?

Battle of Little Bighorn

What was a violent example of the warfare between whites and Native Americans, also known as "Custer's Last Stand"? The combined forces of 2,500 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 U.S. soldiers, including Colonel George Custer. The battle came as the U.S. government tried to compel Native Americans to remain on the reservations, and Native Americans tried to defend territory from white gold-seekers.

US Army hunted down Indians who humiliated them

Why was the Indians' victory at Little Bighorn short lived?

Nez Perce

Betrayed into believing they would be returned to their ancestral lands, what group was sent to a reservation where many died of disease?

federal government backing with force, railroads, disease, extermination of buffalo

What factors contributed to the taming of the Indians?

food and hides

How were buffalo essential to Native Americans?

William Cody

Who killed many buffalo when employed by the Kansas Pacific (which would have to wait for buffalo to move across the tracks)?

buffalo extinction

What story is an example of the greed and waste that came with the conquest of the West?

Grant

Who announced a new Peace Policy that appointed pious church people as Indian agents to encourage Indians to walk the white man's road?

did not want their culture

Congress at last declared that the US would cease to make treaties with them. Why did they do this?

Dawes Severalty Act

What dissolved tribes as legal entities, wiped out ownership of land, and set up family heads with 160 free acres? It was a probationary period and ended the reservation system.

Indian Reorganization Act

The forced assimilation doctrine of the Dawes Act remained the cornerstone of the government's official policy for nearly half a century. What act partially reversed the approach and tried to restore the tribal basis of American life?

Battle of Wounded Knee

Paternalistic reformers moved aggressively to suppress the Ghost Dance, a Native American religious movement. This caused what battle?

mining

The conquest of the Indians and the coming of the railroad were life-giving blessings to the what industry/frontier?

Comstock Lode

"Fifty-niners" poured into Nevada after the what had been uncovered? From 1860 to 1890, the Kings of Comstock extracted millions of gold and silver..

Nevada

What state was railroaded into the Union mostly to provide electoral votes for Lincoln?

boomtowns

What sprouted from desert sands, and miners gathered in saloons for liquor?

ore-breaking machinery

What operation was so expensive that it could be undertaken only by corporations pooling wealth by stockholders?

population and wealth

What did the mining industry attract?

women gained equality

The mining frontier played an important role in conquering the continent, what was this role?

finance civil war, railroads, intensified conflicts

What did the amassing of metals do?

silver issue

The outpouring of silver and gold enabled the treasury to resume payments and injected what issue into politics?

mining

What frontier added to American folklore and literature?

hides

When the civil war ended, the grassy plains of Texas supported tough, longhorned cattle which were killed PRIMARILY for what?

Long Drive

Giant herds moved on what path where Texas cowboys drove herds over the unfenced and unpeopled plains? They grazed en route on free government grass until they reached a railroad terminal where order was maintained by James Hickok, who killed only in self-defense.

free

As long as the grazing was ______, the Long Drive proved profitable to the luckier cattlemen who escaped Indians, stampedes, fever, and other hazards.

railroad

What made and unmade the Long Drive because the trains ran both ways?

fences

Homesteaders and sheepherders built what that spelled the end of free grazers on open range?

fencing, imports, producer fewer animals

Overexpansion and overgrazing took their toll.

The only escape to avoid overproduction was by...

Beef barons

Who consolidated the cattle industry and shipped products to the East?

Homestead Act 1862

What allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land for a filing fee of 10 dollars? By meeting certain criteria, a homesteader could take possession of a permanent title. It marked a drastic departure from previous policy.

revenue

Before the act, public land had been sold for what? Now it was to be given to encourage family farming and fill open lands.

dry, bribed to get best land

The Homestead Act proved to be a hoax because land was this and corporations did this?

Midwest

The tallgrass prairies of the wher were mostly treeless and had tough sod from buffalo herds?

Pioneer explorers had assumed the soil must be sterile because it was not watered and did not support forests.

Once the prairie sod was broken with heavy iron plows, the earth proved fruitful.

sodbusters

On these tallgrass prairies, who came to the land and built homes from the sod they dug from the ground?

100th Meridian

What was the imaginary line running from north to south from the Dakotas through Texas that separated a well-watered east and a semi-arid west?

irrigation

John Powell, geologist, warned his seminal work should be emphasized, and beyond the 100th meridian, so little rain fell that agriculture was impossible without what process?

Dust bowl

"Dry farming" is frequent shallow cultivation, but over time it created a finely pulverized surface soil that contributed to what?

imports, abandoned crops, fences

How did people adapt to the western environment?

hydraulic engineers

Who had more to do with shaping the modern West than any others?

Pikes peak

Colorado, offspring of the what gold rush, joined the Union in 1876 as the Centennial State?

Oklahoma

The federal government made vast stretches of fertile plains available to people in what state? (Illegals already jumped the gun like Sooners)

1890

A frontier line that was no longer discernible was declared in what year?

western frontier

What is a state of mind and symbol of opportunity?

government

What---with its vast landholdings, subsidies to railroads, and massive irrigation projects—played a huge role in the economic and social development of the West?