dbq analysis on progressivism

when was theodore roosevelt potus?

1901-1909

roosevelt’s “big stick diplomacy”

having military force if diplomacy fails

what were some of roosevelt’s economic policies?

square deal, anthracite coal strike, trustbusting, and hepburn act

square deal

domestic program to ensure fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses

what were the key parts of the square deal?

control of harmful trusts, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources

examples of harmful trusts being controlled under roosevelt

northern securities case, elkins act, and hepburn act

northern securities case

supreme court broke up railroad monopolies

elkins act

prohibited railroad rebates

hepburn act

strengthened interstate commerce commission

consumer protection under roosevelt

meat inspection act and pure food and drug act

roosevelt trust busting

used federal power to break up monopolies and regulate large corporations

good vs bad trusts

who was the first to enforce the sherman antitrust act against monopolies?

roosevelt

what did the ICC do under the hepburn act?

set maximum railroad rates and oversaw practices

meat inspection act

federal inspection of products, hygiene standards and prevented dirty or misbranded meat

pure food and drug act

law passed that regulated the labeling and quality of food and drugs

who had the conflict over preservation and managed use?

john muir and gifford pinchot

pinchot

scientific management of resources for public benefit

US forest service chief

how were muir and pinchot satisfied?

national parks and national forests

newlands reclamation act of 1902

federal funds from public land sales to build dams/irrigation projects in 17 states in the West

US forest service

gov agency that manages national forests and grasslands

made to address deforestation and sustainability

how many national parks under roosevelt?

5

how many acres of conserved land under roosevelt?

200 million

when was william taft potus?

1909-1913

how was taft more trust busting?

filled a little less than 100 suits, broke up standard oil and american tobacco

16th amendment (taft)

created a federal progressive income tax

recommended the amendment to congress

mann-elkins act (1910)

strengthened the ICC, regulated telephone and telegraph rates

US Steel Antitrust suit (1911)

taft prosecuted US steel for an earlier merger that roosevelt had approved

why did the us steel antitrust suit also cause growing tension?

roosevelt saw it as a personal attack

dollar diplomacy

taft wanted to promote american interest abroad by expanding US loans and business investments in unstable nations

latin america focus

taft wanted US banks/companies to invest in latin america to gain influence and allies

asia focus

taft wanted to increase financial power in china

esp through railroad investments

example of taft using carrot rather than stick

he used money, loans, and investment deals rather than threats or force

payne-aldrich tariff controversy

law that aimed at lowering protective tariffs but was unsuccessful

what was the issue with the payne-aldrich tariff

payne tariff lowered rates slightly but aldrich raised many instead

progressives felt betrayed

what was significance about the payne-aldrich tariff controversy?

deepened split between progressive and conservative republicans

richard ballinger

taft’s secretary of interior who approved the sale of protected alaskan public lands

gifford pinchot

US forest service and close with roosevelt

what happened with the ballinger-pinchot affair?

taft fired pinchot instead of ballinger which angered progressives

deepened split and symbolized taft’s break with progressive movement

woodrow wilson

potus from 1913 to 1921

new freedom

wilson’s domestic policy that focused on attacking the triple wall of triviledge

triple wall of priviledge

progressive reforms aimed at dismantling tariff, banking, and trust systems

underwood tariff

lowered tariffs and implemented a federal income tax in the US

aimed at reducing the power of monopolies and promoting competition

federal reserve act of 1913

created the federal reserve system

stabilized economy through 12 banks

what did the fed do?

manage monetary policy, regulate money supply to prevent financial panics

clayton antitrust act

banned price discrimination and interlocking directorates ( company board sitting on multiple boards)

why was the clayton antitrust act significant?

protected union from anti-trust actions, and gave teeth to sherman anti-trust act

federal trade commission (ftc)

enforced regulations and busted trusts

wanted to promote fair, competitive markets

under wilson

why did wilson not support women’s suffrage initially?

saw it as a state issue

why did wilson change his mind about women’s suffrage?

nawsa, national women’s party, WWI

when did wilson endorse the 19th amendment?

1918

16th amendment

federal income tax

promoted greater economic equality

proposed by taft

17th amendment

direct election of senators = increased democracy

supported/ratified by wilson

18th amendment

prohibition of alcohol

ratified under Wilson

19th amendment

women’s suffrage

ratified under wilson

state level reforms

initiative, referendum, and recall

initiative

voters propose laws

referendum

voters approve or reject laws

recall

voters remove elected officials

secret ballot

voters mark their choices in a private booth

prevents intimidation and voter fraud

muckraking journalism

journalists who exposed corruption in politics and business

coined by roosevelt

what did the muckrakers focus on

poverty, working condition, and racism

who wrote The Jungle?

Upton Sinclair

why were the muckrakers important?

informed the public and pressured for legislative change

social justice

progressives worked to improve urban living conditions and vulnerable groups

what did the progressives support (living conditions)

settlement houses for immigrants and the poor

what were the main goals of the progressives in terms of social justice?

child labor laws, factory safety, public sanitation, and food/drink safety

how did the progressives see government as an agent of reform?

believed the gov should directly intervene to solve problems

what is one main limit of progressivism?

mainly benefited white, middle class

what did the progressive reformers ignore?

racial discrimination

why could wilson be seen as not progressive?

openly supported segregation and had it in his administration