Geography 1.1.3 Climate Change and Human Activity

What gases are the Earth’s atmosphere made from?

• Nitrogen

• Carbon dioxide

• Oxygen

• Water vapour

• Methane

• Argon

Describe the Greenhouse effect

• The greenhouse effect is essential to the survival of life on Earth:

  • Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere allow short-wave radiation from the sun through to the Earth's surface

  • The greenhouse gases absorb some of the long-wave radiation (heat) and stop it from radiating out into space

  • This maintains the Earth's average temperature

  • Without the greenhouse effect the average temperature would be -18^oC

Describe the enhanced greenhouse effect

• Human activity is increasing the amount of certain greenhouse gases in the atmosphere:

  • Carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in the atmosphere have increased by more than 100 parts per million (ppm) to 420ppm in 2020

  • Methane, nitrous oxides and chlorofluorocarbons are also increasing

• Increased amounts of greenhouse gases have led to the enhanced greenhouse effect:

  • Less long-wave radiation (heat) can escape the atmosphere

  • Average global temperatures have increased over 1^oC since pre-industrial times

The greenhouse effect vs the enhanced greenhouse effect

Human Sources of Greenhouse Gases

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) 

• Burning of fossil fuels: power stations, vehicles

• Burning of wood

• Deforestation: trees utilise CO₂ in photosynthesis. The fewer trees there are the less CO₂ is removed from the atmosphere

Human Sources of Greenhouse Gases

Methane (CH₄)

• Decay of organic matter: manure, waste in landfill, crops

Human Sources of Greenhouse Gases

Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)

• Artificial fertilisers

• Burning fossil fuels

Human Sources of Greenhouse Gases

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

• Aerosols

• Refrigeration units

• Air conditioning

Evidence of Human cause Climate change#

Temperature change

• Average temperatures have increased: since the 1980s with all years above the 1961-1990 average

Evidence of Human cause Climate change

Glacier and Arctic ice decline 

• Glaciers reducing in size and melting ice: Arctic Sea ice is at an all-time low

Arctic Sea Ice 2012 and average 1979-2000 

Evidence of Human cause Climate change

Rising sea levels

• Melting ice adds more water

• Warm water expands in volume (thermal expansion)

• Sea levels have risen approximately 23cm since 1880

Evidence of Human cause Climate change

Wildlife

• Plant and tree flowering patterns are changing

• Bird migration times have altered

• Shorter hibernations

• Bird nesting occurring earlier

Extreme Weather Events

• Since the 1980s there has been an increase in extreme weather events:

  • Particularly floods, storms and extreme temperatures

Social effects of climate change

• Health

  • Increased temperatures and a lack of precipitation may lead to the spread of diseases

    • Italy has experienced cases of malaria since 2017, when it was previously a malaria-free area

    • An additional 280 million people may be affected by malaria

    • Water-borne diseases are more likely to spread

  • Heat waves may become more frequent

    • Heat stroke, dehydration and sunburn increase during heat waves

    • Stagnant air during heat waves increases air pollution levels:

    • Respiratory diseases increase and those suffering from respiratory illnesses such as asthma may be more affected 

  • Increased temperatures negatively affect people with cardiopulmonary diseases

  • Diets may be restricted by food shortages, leading to malnutrition and famine

  • Milder winters may lead to fewer winter-related deaths

• Employment

  • Loss of job opportunities due to changes in tourism and agriculture

• Homes 

  • Increased flooding due to sea level rise and increased frequency and severity of storms will lead to the displacement of large numbers of people

Environmental effects of climate change

• Sea level rise

  • Warmer temperatures cause the water in seas and oceans to expand, increasing the sea level

• Melting ice is adding to the increasing volume of water

  • Average sea levels have risen 23 cm since 1880

  • Sea levels are forecast to increase a further 30 cm by 2050

• Low-lying coastal areas and islands are at higher risk of flooding

  • The Maldives may be uninhabitable by 2050 

• Beach erosion will increase, leading to greater coastal erosion 

• Coastal ecosystems, including coral reefs and mangrove swamps, will be affected

• Saltwater ingress is contaminating freshwater supplies and affecting coastal agriculture

Ecosystem changes

• The location of biomes may shift to the north (Northern Hemisphere) and south (Southern Hemisphere) as they rely on specific climate conditions:

  • Polar and tundra biomes are at risk of becoming extinct as they cannot shift any further north/south

• Increasing sea temperatures and ocean acidification have resulted in coral bleaching

• Migration and behaviour patterns of animals affected by changing temperatures:

  • Fish species are moving north and south of their usual habitats to seek cooler water

  • Reduced hibernation due to warmer winters

• Mangrove swamps and coral reefs are threatened by rising sea levels

• Pests and disease patterns may change; for example, malaria-carrying mosquitoes may be found at higher latitudes

Natural hazards

• Changes in climate patterns are likely to increase the frequency and severity of storms:

  • The 2020 Atlantic hurricane seas were the first most active on record and 2021 was the third most active

• The frequency and length of droughts are increasing

• Dry conditions lead to the increased risk of wildfires:

  • In 2021 Australia, Greece, South Africa, Brazil and the USA were just some of the places to experience severe wildfires

  • In September 2021 the USA National Fire Centre reported 44.647 wildfires which had burned 5.6 million acres

• Rising sea levels together with increased storms lead to increased flooding risk