Basic Intro to Orgo

Practice flashcards covering basic organic chemistry concepts including bonding types, Lewis structures, hybridization, functional groups, and alkane nomenclature based on lecture notes.

How many bonds does Carbon typically form according to the lecture notes?

Carbon likes to form $4$ bonds.

According to the lecture notes, how many bonds do elements in group $5$ and group $6$ form?

Group $5$ will form $3$ bonds, and group $6$ will form $2$ bonds.

What is the definition of a nonpolar covalent bond as shown in the example of $H-H$?

Electrons are shared equally.

In a polar covalent bond like $H-F$, why is the sharing of electrons described as unequal?

The element with the higher electronegativity (e.g., $F$ with a value of $4.0$) holds the electrons tighter.

When does an ionic bond occur instead of a covalent bond?

When electrons are transferred rather than shared, typically between a metal and a nonmetal.

Under what specific condition do Hydrogen bonds ($H$-bonds) occur?

$H$-bonds occur when hydrogen bonds with $N$, $O$, or $F$.

What is the octet preference for elements in the second row, such as $N$, $O$, and $F$?

They like to have $8$ electrons.

What electronegativity difference between two elements makes a bond considered POLAR?

A difference of $0.5$ or more.

Is the bond between Carbon and Hydrogen ($C-H$) considered polar or nonpolar?

$C-H$ bonds are nonpolar.

What is the general formula for alkanes?

$$C_n H_{2n+2}$$

What is the mnemonic provided to remember the first four alkanes?

Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter (Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane).

Match the number of carbons ($1$ to $10$) with the corresponding alkane name.

$1$: Methane, $2$: Ethane, $3$: Propane, $4$: Butane, $5$: Pentane, $6$: Hexane, $7$: Heptane, $8$: Octane, $9$: Nonane, $10$: Decane.

Why are alkenes and alkynes referred to as unsaturated compounds?

Because they do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms for the carbon atoms.

What are the alternative names provided for ethene ($C_2H_4$) and ethyne ($C_2H_2$)?

Ethene is also known as ethylene, and ethyne is also known as acetylene.

What are the bond orders for single, double, and triple bonds?

Single is $1$, double is $2$, and triple is $3$.

What is the hybridization of the carbon atoms in ethane ($C_2H_6$), ethene ($C_2H_4$), and ethyne ($C_2H_2$)?

Ethane is $sp^3$, ethene is $sp^2$, and ethyne is $sp$.

Arrange the bond lengths of $C-C$, $C=C$, and $C \equiv C$ from longest to shortest and provide their specific lengths.

$C-C$ ($154\,pm$) > $C=C$ ($133\,pm$) > $C \equiv C$ ($120\,pm$).

Between sigma ($\sigma$) bonds and pi ($\pi$) bonds, which is stronger?

Sigma ($\sigma$) bonds are stronger than pi ($\pi$) bonds.

What is the formula provided for calculating Formal Charge ($FC$)?

$FC = v\bar{e} - (CB + L)$, where $CB$ represents bonding electrons and $L$ represents lone pair electrons (also written as $FC = v\bar{e} - (b + \dot{e})$).

What are the characteristics of a carbocation, a methyl radical, and a carbanion in terms of formal charge?

A carbocation has a positive charge ($+1$), a methyl radical is neutral ($0$ and occurs with an odd number of electrons), and a carbanion has a negative charge ($-1$).

How is a ketone distinguished from an aldehyde in terms of the carbonyl group's position?

When the carbonyl is in the middle of the chain, it is a ketone; when the carbonyl group is at the end with an $H$, it is an aldehyde.

What functional group is formed by combining a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group?

Carboxylic acid.

Which functional group is characterized by an oxygen atom between two carbon groups ($C-O-C$)?

Ether.

Which functional group contains two oxygen atoms and a carbonyl group, as seen in methyl ethanoate?

Ester.

According to the drawing tips, where should $CH_3$ (methyl) and $CH_2$ groups be placed in a chemical structure?

Methyl groups ($CH_3$) are always at the end, while $CH_2$ groups tend to be in the middle of a structure.