HUGE muscles flashcard set (canine & equine)

*internal intercostal* Muscles origins, insertions, functions in canines & equines. Information taken from 3D anatomy full body musculature of the dog & horse on VIN. *NOT YET COMPLETE*

Thoracolumbar fascia (canine, equine)

O: spinous processes of thoracic & lumbar vertebrae

I: fascia at linea alba & ilium

External abdominal oblique (canine, equine)

O: canine - middle of 4th - 12th rib & thoracolumbar fascia

equine - middle of 4th - 18th ribs & thoracolumbar fascia

I: canine - Linea alba & prepubic tendon

equine - linea alba, prepubic tendon & tuber coxae

F: supports abdominal wall

Internal abdominal oblique (canine)

O: Lumbar thoracolumbar fascia caudal to last rib & tuber coxae

I: 12th & 13th rib & linea alba via aponeurosis

F: supports abdominal wall

Superficial digital flexor (hind) (canine, equine)

O: canine - Lateral distal femur

equine - supracondylar fossa (femur)

I: canine - Calcaneal tuber and bases of P2

equine - proximal & proximal middle phalanx

F: tarsal extension & digit flexion

Caudal crural abductor (canine)

O: sacrotuberal ligament

I: crural fascia distal to biceps femoris

F: Limb abduction & stifle flexion

short abductor muscle of first digit (canine)

O: flexor retinaculum

I: metacarpophalangeal joint of 1st digit

F: abduction & flexion of 1st digit

Long abductor muscle of first digit (canine)

O: Lateral surface of radius and ulna & interosseus membrane

I: base of 1st metacarpal

F: abduction & extension of 1st digit

Abductor muscle of digit V (canine)

O: accessory carpal bone

I: Lateral sesamoid & proximal phalanx of digit V

F: abduction of digit V

Adductor muscle of digit II (canine)

O: Radiate carpal ligament

I: proximal phalanx of digit II

F: adduction of digit II

Adductors of digits II & V (canine)

O: Ligamentous tissue of plantar tarsus

I: Proximal phalanx of digit II and V

F: adduction of digits II and V

Adductor muscle of digit V (canine)

O: Radiate carpal ligament

I: Metacarpal V & proximal phalanx of digit V

F: Adduction of digit V

Adductor muscle of 1st digit (canine)

O: flexor retinaculum

I: lateral surface of proximal phalanx of 1st digit

F: adduction & flexion of 1st digit

Adductor longus (canine)

O: Pubic tubercle

I: facies aspera (femur)

F: limb adduction & hip extension

adductor magnus et brevis (canine)

O: pelvic symphysis & ischiatic arch

I: facies aspera (femur)

F: limb adduction & hip extension

anconeus (canine & equine)

O: lateral epicondyle (humerus)

I: canine - proximolateral ulna

equine - olecranon

F: elbow extensor & tenses antebrachial fascia

articularis coxae (canine)

O: lateral ilium

I: femoral neck (between medial and lateral quadriceps heads attachments)

F: hip flexion

biceps brachii (canine & equine)

O: supraglenoid tubercle

I: radial tuberosity & proxomedial ulna

F: shoulder extensor, stabiliser & elbow flexor

part of the equine stay apparatus

biceps femoris (canine & equine)

O: canine - sacrotuberus ligament & lateral and ventrolateral ischiatic tuberosity

equine - spinous & transverse processes of last 3 sacral vertebrae, sacrosciatic ligament, tail fascia & ventrolateral ischiatic tuberosity

I: canine - patella, patellar ligament, tibial crest, calcaneal tuber; fascia lata, fascia cruris, common calcaneal tendon

equine - patella, lateral & medial patellar ligament & tibial crest via tarsal tendon on calcaneus

F: Hip & stifle stabiliser & flexor & tarsal extensor

Brachialis (canine & equine)

O: proximal caudal humerus

I: between biceps brachii tendon

F: elbow flexion

brachioradialis (canine)

O: lateral epicondylar crest (humerus)

I: distal cranial radius

F: Radius supinator

buccinator buccal muscle (canine & equine)

O: mandible & maxilla

I: commissure of lip

F: moves food on masticatory surface of teeth

buccinator molar muscle (canine)

O: mandible

I: buccal part of buccinator, orbicular oris

F: moves food on masticatory surface of teeth

caninus (equine)

O: maxilla

I: upper lip

F: lifts upper lip; widens nares

tibialis caudalis (canine)

O: proximomedial fibula

I: medial tarsus

F: tarsal extension, paw supination

cervicoauricularis (canine, equine)

O: external sagittal crest - nuchal ligament

I: lateral ear

F: turns ear laterally & caudally

cervicoauricularis profundus (canine, equine)

O: canine - external occipital protuberance & temporalis muscle fascia

equine - external occipital protuberance & nuchal ligament

I: lateral ear

F: turns ear laterally & caudally

cervicoauricularis superficialis (canine)

O: external occipital protuberance, dorsal cervical region

I: dorsal ear concha

F: raises ear

cervicoscutularis (canine, equine)

O: canine - caudal border of scutiform cartilage

equine - nuchal crest

I: canine - joins with opposing muscle in midline

equine - scutiform cartilage

F: pulls scutiform cartilage caudoventrally and holds it in place

cleidobrachialis (canine, equine)

O: canine - craniodistal humerus

equine - clavicular intersection (tendon)

I: canine - clavicular insertion

equine - crest of humerus

F: draws limb cranially & stabilises neck

cleidocephalicus (cervical part) (canine)

O: clavicular insertion

I: dorsal neck

F: draws limb cranially, stabilises neck

cleidocephalicus muscle (mastoid part) (canine, equine)

O: clavicular tendon

I: temporal bone

F: draws limb cranially & stabilises neck

coccygeus (canine, equine)

O: canine - Ischiatic spine

equine - sacrosciatic ligament & ischiatic spine

I: canine - lateral transverse process of caudal vertebra 2-5

equine - lateral transverse process of C1 - C3 & tail fascia

F: presses tail against anus and genitals, draws tail between pelvic limbs & lateral flexion of tail

coracobrachialis (canine, equine)

O: coracoid process (scapula)

I: crest of lesser tubercle (humerus)

F: shoulder extension & adduction

deltoid muscle (acromial part) (canine)

O: acromion (scapula)

I: deltoid tuberosity (humerus)

F: flexes shoulder & lifts humerus

Deltoid muscle (scapular part) (canine)

O: scapula spine

I: deltoid tuberosity (humerus)

F: flexes shoulder & lifts humerus

Diaphragm (canine, equine)

F: main driver of ventilation of lungs

digastric (canine, equine)

*NB - this is the caudal belly in equines

O: paracondylar process (skull)

I: ventromedial mandible

F: opens oral cavity

Extensor carpii radialis (canine, equine)

O: supracondylar crest on lateral humerus

I: canine - metacarpals II & III

equine - metacarpal III

F: elbow flexor & carpal extensor

ulnaris lateralis (canine)

O: lateral epicondyle (humerus)

I: accessory carpal bone & proximal metacarpal V

F: carpal flexor & extensor

extensor of 1st and 2nd digit (canine)

O: middle third of dorsolateral ulna

I: 1st metatarsal & metacarpophalangeal joint of digit 2

F: extend digit I & II & adduct digit I

short digital extensor muscles (canine, equine)

O: canine - distal part of calcaneus & flexor surface of tarsus

equine - lateral branch of peroneus tertius insertion tendon

I: canine - medial tarsus

equine - joins with long extensor tendon

F: digit extension

common digital extensor (canine, equine)

O: lateral epicondyle of humerus & antebrachial fascia

I: canine - extensor process of P3 of digits II, III & IV

equine - extensor process of P3

F: canine - extends carpal & phalangeal joints of digits II, III, IV & V

equine - extends carpal & phalangeal joints

lateral digital extensor (fore) (canine, equine)

O: lateral epicondyle (humerus) & lateral collateral ligament (elbow joint)

I: canine - distal phalanges of digits III, IV & V

equine - proximal end of proximal phalanx

F: canine - extends carpal & phalangeal joints of digits III, IV & V & stabilisation

equine - carpal extension

lateral digital extensor (hind) (canine, equine)

O: canine - proximal fibula

equine - proximal tibia, fibula & lateral collateral ligament

I: canine - digit V

equine - extensor process of P3

F: canine - extension & abduction of digit V

equine - digit extension & tarsus flexion

long digital extensor (hind) (canine, equine)

O: extensor fossa on lateral femoral condyle

I: canine - P3 of II, III, IV & V

equine - P3 extensor process

F: canine - digit extensor, tarsal flexor & stifle extensor

equine - digit extensor & tarsal flexor

peroneus brevis (canine)

O: lateral surface of distal tibia & fibula

I: base of metatarsal V

F: tarsal flexor

flexor carpi radialis (canine, equine)

O: medial epicondyle (humerus)

I: canine - metacarpal bone II & III

equine - metacarpal II

F: carpal flexion

flexor carpi ulnaris (humeral head) (canine, equine)

O: medial epicondyle (humerus)

I: accessory carpal bone

F: canine - metacarpus & paw flexor

equine - carpal flexion

flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar head) (canine, equine)

O: medial side of olecranon

I: accessory carpal bone

F: canine - metacarpus & paw flexor

equine - carpal flexor

short flexor muscle of first digit (canine)

O: radiate carpal ligament

I: sesamoid bone of proximal phalanx of digit 1

F: 1st digit flexor

flexor muscle of digit V (canine)

O: ligament of accessory carpal bone to metacarpal IV

I: proximal phalanx digit V

F: digit V flexion

Lateral digital flexor (hind) (canine)

O: caudal aspect of fibula & tibia

I: P3 of each digit

F: digit flexor

medial digital flexor (hind) (canine)

O: proximal fibula

I: P3 of each digit

F: digit flexion

Deep digital flexor (fore) (canine, equine)

O: 3 heads - medial humeral epicondyle; caudomedial radius; distal from olecranon

I: canine - flexor surface of P3 in digits I, II, III, IV & V

equine - flexor surface of P3

F: canine - carpal & phalangeal flexor of II, III, IV & V

equine - flexes carpal & phalangeal joints

superficial digital flexor (fore) (canine, equine)

O: medial epicondyle (humerus)

I: canine - base of P2 of digits II, III, IV & V

equine - base of P2

F: carpal & proximal phalangeal joint flexor

frontalis (canine)

O: rostral scutiform cartilage

I: opposite frontalis muscle

F: draws scutiform cartilage rostrally

frontoscutularis (canine)

O: scutiform cartilage

I: frontal bone

F: draws scutiform cartilage rostrally

Gastrocnemius (canine, equine)

O: lateral & medial supracondylar tuberosities

I: calcanean tuber

F: canine - tarsal extension

equine - tarsal extension & slight stifle flexion

gemellus (canine, equine)

O: canine - ischium lateral border

equine - dorsal border (ischium)

I: trochanter of femur

F: lateral hip rotation & stabilisation

middle gluteus (canine, equine)

O: canine - iliac gluteal surface, iliac crest & tuber sacral

equine - iliac gluteal surface, sacrum, sacrosciatic ligament

I: greater trochanter of femur

F: hip extensor & stabiliser

deep gluteal (canine, equine)

O: canine - shaft of ilium & ischiatic spine

equine - ischiatic spine

I: greater trochanter of femur

F: hip extensor, stabiliser & some abduction

superficial gluteus (canine, equine)

O: canine - gluteal fascia & sacrum

equine - gluteal fascia & tuber coxae

I: canine - gluteal tuberosity

equine - 3rd trochanter & fascia lata

F: canine - hip extensor

equine - hip extensor & limb abductor

gracilis (canine, equine)

O: pelvic symphysis

I: canine - cranio-proximal tibia

equine - cranio-proximal tibia & medial patellar ligament

F: canine - limb adductor, hip extensor, stifle flexor & tarsal flexor

equine - limb adductor & stifle extensor

illiacus (canine)

O: ventral ilium

I: lesser trochanter

F: hip flexor & lumbar spine stabiliser

cervical and thoracic iliocostalis (canine)

O: proximal ribs from 2nd to 12th

I: costal angle of ribs & transverse process of C7

F: expiration

lumbar iliocostalis (canine)

O: wing of ilium, iliac crest & intermuscular septum

I: 10th - 13th ribs

F: expiration

Infraspinatus (canine, equine)

O: canine - Infraspinous fossa (scapula), scapular spine & caudal border (scapula)

equine - infraspinous fossa (scapula), scapula spine & cartilage

I: canine - Distal to the major tubercle (humerus)

equine - major tubercle (humerus)

F: rotator, humoral abductor, shoulder flexor & extensor

External intercostal muscles (canine, equine)

O & I: Runs between cranial & caudal surfaces of the ribs

F: Inspiration - draws ribs together to enlarge chest cavity

Internal intercostal muscles (canine, equine)

O & I: Runs between cranial & caudal surfaces of the ribs

F: Expiration - draws ribs together to narrow chest cavity

Interossei (canine)

O: Proximal ends of metacarpals II, III, IV, V

I: proximal phalanx of digits II, III, IV, V

F: metacarpophalangeal joint flexor

Interscutularis (canine)

O: Scutiform cartilage

I: Opposing muscle

F: holds scutiform cartilage in place

Interspinal (canine)

O & I: Runs between edges of spinous processes of lumbar, thoracic & cervical vertebrae

F: fixes vertebral column

Dorsal caudal intertransverse muscles (canine)

O: 3rd sacral vertebrae

I: transverse process of caudal vertebrae 5 & 6

F: tail lateral flexor

Dorsal cervical intertransverse muscles (consists of 5 individual segments) (canine)

O: Cranial articular process of one vertebrae. 1st segment originates on articular process of 1st thoracic vertebrae

I: transverse process of 2 vertebrae cranially. Most cranial one inserts on wing of atlas

F: Fixation of vertebrae & lateral flexion of vertebral column in unilateral action

Lumbar intertransverse muscles (canine)

C: separate parts between mammillary process of one vertebrae and accessory process of 3 lumbar vertebrae cranially

F: Fixation of vertebrae & lateral flexion of vertebral column in unilateral action

Middle cervical inter transverse muscles (canine)

C: 5 or 6 individual segments extending between transverse processes from 1st thoracic vertebrae to axis

F: Fixation of vertebrae & lateral flexion of vertebral column in unilateral action

Thoracic intertransverse muscles (canine)

C: runs between transverse processes of 4th thoracic vertebrae to 12th

F: Fixation of vertebrae & lateral flexion of vertebral column in unilateral action

Ventral caudal intertransverse muscles (canine)

C: Segmented muscle running from ventral transverse process of 3rd caudal vertebrae to the last caudal vertebra

F: lateral flexion of the tail

Ventral cervical intertransverse muscles (canine)

O: ventral transverse process of 6th cervical vertebrae

I: 3 terminal segments on transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 2, 3, 4

F: Fixation of vertebrae, lateral flexion of vertebral column in unilateral action.

Latissimus dorsi (canine)

O: Thoracolumbar fascia of T4-L7 & last 3 ribs

I: Major tuberosity (humerus) & aponeurosis of trees major muscle

F: Medial limb movement, caudal limb movement during shoulder flexion & supports ipsilateral limb

Levator anguli oculi medial (canine)

O: median line of frontal bone

I: superior eyelid medial

F: raises superior eyelid

Levator ani (canine)

O: Dorsal surface of ramus pubis and pelvic symphysis

I: Root of tail

F: Bilateral - presses the tail ventrally; unilateral - lateral flexion of the tail. Draws tail between pelvic limbs alongside the depressors.

Superior levator labii (canine)

O: Maxilla

I: Upper lip & nasal alar region

F: Lifts superior lip & flares nares

Levator nasolabialis (canine)

O: Nasofrontal fascia, medial palpebral ligament & maxillary bone

I: Superior lip & nose region

F: Lifts superior lip & flares nares

Longissimus atlantis (canine)

O: Articular process of C4 - C7

I: Wing of atlas

F: Rotates atlantoaxial joint unilaterally & fixes atlantoaxial joint in bilateral action

Longissimus capitis (canine)

O: Transverse process of Th1 & C7

I: Mastoid part of temporal bone

F: extends atlantooccipital joint

Cervical longissimus (continuation of longissimus thoracis) (canine)

O: Transverse process of Th1 - Th5

I: Transverse process of C3 - C6

F: extends neck, turns head & neck to one side in unilateral action

Lumbar and thoracic longissimus (canine)

O: Iliac crest, medial surface of ilium

I: Lumbar - accessory process of L1 - L6. Thoracic - costal tubercles on ribs 1 - 5, then fuses with longissimus cervicis

F: Extends vertebral column, stabilises trunk against rotational movement & fixes vertebral column in conjunction with other muscles

Longus capitis (canine)

O: Transverse process of C2 - C6

I: Muscular tubercle on basioccipital bone

F: Pull neck ventrally & flex atlantooccipital joint

Longus colli (cervical and thoracic parts) (canine)

O: Cervical - Transverse process of C3 - C6; thoracic - ventral body of Th1 - Th6

I: Cervical - Ventral body of C1 - C4; Thoracic - Ventral transverse process of C6 - C7

F: Neck flexor

Malaris (canine)

O: Deep fascia of face

I: Lower eyelid

F: Draws lower eyelid ventrally

Middle masseter (canine)

O: Zygomatic arch

I: Masseteric fossa & ventral mandibular bone

F: closes mouth by raising mandible

Deep masseter muscle (canine)

O: Medial zygomatic arch & temporalis muscle

I: Masseteric fossa

F: Closes mouth by raising mandible

Superficial masseter muscle (canine)

O: Rostral zygomatic arch

I: ventrolateral & ventromedial mandible

F: closes mouth by raising mandible

Mentalis (canine)

O: Rostrolateral mandible near 3rd incisor

I: opposing muscle in inferior lip

F: stiffens lip

Multifidus cervicis (canine)

O: Articular process of Th2

I: Spinous process of axis

F: Fixes vertebral column

Multifidus lumborum (canine)

O: 3 articular processes of sacrum & mammillary processes from Cd1 - Th12

I: spinous process from L6 - Th9

F: Fixes vertebral column

Multifidus thoracis (canine)

O: mammillary & transverse process of Th11

I: Spinous process of C7

F: Fixes vertebral column

Mylophoid (canine)

O: medial surface of mandibular body

I: median raphe joining opposing muscle

F: raises tongue in the mouth

Caudal obliquus capitis (canine)

O: spinous & caudal articular process of axis

I: Wing of atlas near atlar notch

F: Head rotator & fixes atlanto-occipital joint during bilateral motion