AMH Exam 1

Emigration

Process of someone leaving a country

Immigration

Movement of a person leaving one country and coming to another

Migration

• Movement anywhere

• Internal, temporary movement, from one country to another, etc.

Emigrant

Someone who enters a country

Immigrant

Someone who leaves the country

Internal Migration

Move within a country

External Migration

Leave one country for another

Single Migration

• One person moving

  • Reasons: money, easier, filing process is simpler for one person, or only one person of a group is only able to get in

Group Migration

Entire group moving

Permanent Migration

Coming in and staying there for the rest of their life

Temporary Migration

• Coming in usually for a reason that has a time limit

• More common today than in the past

Voluntary Migration

• Rare

• They have chosen to migrate

• They have the means and proper ability to do it

Chain Migration

One person immigrates to the US with the goal of making money to send back to have another person in their family come over

Anchor Immigrant

The first person of the chain migration

Return Migration

• Plan on staying but go back to their other country

• Going back to the same place

Step Migration

• When you migrate from a country then stay a while then migrate to another country and stay a while and so on

  • Can be external or internal migration

Forced Migration

• Person that is immigrating had no choice at all in immigrating

• Deportation (legal act of taking away one’s ability to be in a country)

Refugee

Legally approved

Asylum

Awaiting approval

Push factors

• A factor that pushes a group out of their country

• Not forced migration

• Usually a combination of factors: economic, political, environmental, religious

Pull Factors

• Factors that draws a group to a country

• Economic, social, political, environmental, family reunification, etc

American letters

Letters written from immigrants back to their families, more influential because it comes from someone the family knows

Returned immigrant

• Someone who has successfully gone to America then came back home

• If they come back successful, they will convince others back home to leave

• If they come back worse than before, the family can decide to send someone else with a better chance of success

Passports & Visas

• Obtained documentation

• Required when planning a journey

Departure/Port City

The ports where immigrants got to America by transpacific transportation (by boat)

Assimilation

• The idea that the US wants all of the immigrant groups to become just like an American

  • Speak English, correct religion, dress correctly, eat correctly

• Voluntary migrants are the most likely to completely assimilate

• Assimilating is easier when:

  • You have money: can avoid having to assimilate

  • Age: Those that come younger are easier to assimilate than those that are older

  • Marrying an American citizen: Being part of an established American community allows to fit in and become a citizen quickly

Separation

• You don’t assimilate at all

• You create your own little world with your own language, teaching your kids that language, and don’t change anything about you

Integration

Acting American in public, then being yourself in private

Un-assimilateable

Unable to change (appearance, race, nationality, and ethnicity)

Othering

Separating from people that are different from you

Formative Wave

The Europeans (mostly English) that don’t identify themselves as immigrants because they believe they created America

Native Americans

The Europeans (mostly English) during the Formative Wave that identified themselves as Native Americans

First Wave

Second movement of immigrants (because the first movement considered themselves not immigrants)

Castle Garden

(In NYC) The first immigration station during the First Wave (Second movement)

Second Wave

• Third movement of immigrants, which started to establish immigration stations to restrict immigrants

Ellis Island

Immigration station during the Second Wave for Eastern and Southern European immigrants

Angel Island

(San Francisco, California) Immigration Station during the Second Wave for Asians and other west coast arrivers

Colonists

Creators

Great Britain

• 95% of the population that made up the Formative Wave

• Came to Jamestown, Virginia, then Plymouth Bay Colony (Massachusetts Bay Colony)

Europeans

• The second largest population that made up the Formative Wave

• Dutch, German, Scot-Irish, Swedes, Jews

West Africans (During Formative Wave)

• Third population that made up the Formative Wave

• Had rights during the Age of Flexibility

Primogeniture

• Only the eldest son inherits [land, wealth, etc.]

• A factor that led to the immigration of the English during the Formative Wave

Indentured servitude

Indenturing yourself to someone for a series of years for passage to America

Formative Protestants

• Group that came during the Formative Wave that came to America for religious freedom (pull factor)

• Includes Pilgrims, Puritans, and Quakers (Society of Friends)

Convicts

• During Formative Wave

• Forced migration

• They didn’t have a choice to come to America

Kidnapped

• During Formative Wave

• Forced migration

• Demand for indentured servants may have been more than available, so females (breeders) and children are taken to America to become or add to the indentured servants

Enslaved

• During Formative Wave

• A type of forced migration

Citizenship

• You politically belong to a country

• Pledged allegiance to that country and is part of that society

Naturalization

• Process to become a citizen

• Not a federal or king decision; it’s the local government purview to take care of who’s a citizen or not

• So citizenship and naturalization are different in every local colony

Virginia Model

• During Formative Wave

• Had a lot of land, so the king sent people with their help to settle on the land

• Indians taught them to farm tobacco, which became the main pull to Virginia

• 15% made up of leaders, 85% made up of laborers (including indentured servants)

• Key idea: Make profit

• Pro-immigration (to replace their laborers)

• Anti-citizenship (allowing them to vote would overthrow the leader minority)

Tobacco

• Highly profitable farm in the Virginia Model (Formative Wave)

• The “golden leaf” - sold for as much as gold

Indentured servants

• Formative wave

• People coming from England who wants to work themselves up to the middle class, so they work for a set of years in exchange for freedom

Massachusetts Model

• During Formative Wave

• Founded by Puritans and Pilgrims (Formative Protestants) because they had problems with the Church of England

• Made so they can eventually become the Church of England of Massachusetts

• Formed a theocracy

• Key idea: Follow the right religion

• Pro-immigration (only if they were Pilgrim or Puritan)

• Pro-citizenship (because everyone was the same)

Theocracy

• All of the people in charge (governors, local representatives, etc.) are part of the Puritan or Pilgrim church

  • Required letter of recommendations from other Puritans or Pilgrims

Pennsylvania Model

• During Formative Wave

• Formed by William Pen

• Set up by Quakers (part of Formative Protestants) with the intention of religious freedom

  • Everyone is equal and god’s child

• Key idea: cultural pluralism

• Pro-immigration (took in all people that don’t fit in anywhere else)

• Pro-citizenship (even to women)

Anglocentrism

• British influence

  • English language

  • Democracy (political system)

  • Rule of law (legal framework)

  • Capitalism (economy)

  • Imperial system (measurement)

  • Protestantism (religion)

Constitutional Convention

• Held in Philadelphia to fix the errors in creating the US

  • Large vs. small states

  • Northern vs. southern states

  • Federal vs. local governments

• Led to the creation of the Constitution

British concept to check and balance each other

Executive, legislative, and judicial branches

Congressional Committee

• (Created in the Steerage Act of 1819)

• The only mention of immigration in the Constitution

• Mentions immigration during the Formative Wave

Free and open policy

Anyone at anytime is allowed to come in

Citizenship

• Not mentioned in the Constitution

• Defined by two fundamental concepts

  • Jus Soli “Right of the soil”: Born on American soil

  • Jus Sanguinis “Right of blood”: Being a child of one or both parents who are citizens of the US

Article 1, Section 8 of the US Constitution

• The only mention of naturalization in the Constitution

• Says the Legislative Branch has the authority to create a “uniform rule of naturalization”

Naturalization Statues

• Federal law that dictates the exact rules, requirements, and legal procedures by which a foreign-born person can voluntarily become a citizen of that country

• The US has a lot of Naturalization Statues because they changed their mind on who can become a citizen

Naturalization Act of 1790

In order to become a citizen:

1. Residency - 2 years

2. Need to declare an “Oath of Allegiance”

   1. Can’t be a dual citizen

   2. Have to protect the law

   3. Help the country

3. “Free, white persons”

   1. Free - Can’t be a slave/indentured servant

   2. White - European

   3. Persons - Not African American

4. “Good character” - Ambiguous term that allows the legislative branch to deny citizenship to anyone they want to

[Everything except what is mentioned remains the same in the following Naturalization Acts]

Residency

How long a person has to live in the US before applying to become a citizen

Naturalization Act of 1795

• Changed residency to 5 years

• Changed “good character” to “good moral character”

  • Moral - adds religion, and can look into people’s backgrounds

Naturalization Act of 1798

Changed residency to 14 years

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

• Alien and Friends Act

• Alien Enemies Act

• Sedition Act

Alien and Friends Act

• Expired

• Gave the President (and executive branch) power to deport any non-citizen deemed dangerous to national security

Alien Enemies Act

• Remains

• Under executive branch

• Allowed deportation or detention of citizens of nations at war with the US

Sedition Act

• Reinstated during every war

• Made it a crime to publish or speak “false, scandalous, and malicious” words against the government or its leaders

Naturalization Act of 1802

Changed residency back to 5 years

Disenfranchisement

Taking away the right to vote or never giving the right to vote

Census

• Takes count of all citizens in the US every decade

• Demonstrates African Americans made up 19% of the US population until 1830, second largest group in the US

West Africa

• Belief that West Africans were “backwards” to justify enslavement, even though they had the same political and other systems as European nations

• Were used as laborers to cultivate sugar for the Europeans because all the Indians died or fled after the Columbian Exchange

Atlantic Slave Trade

• Traded goods and products for West Africans for labor in the US

• Worked to make cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco to be manufactured in Europe

• Only 4% of West African slaves went to North America; indentured servants were cheaper

• Africans/African Americans are the blueprint for all other immigrants after them

Othering of West Africans - Animality

The idea of dehumanizing a person and treating them like an animal (justification)

Treatment of West Africans - De Facto

• Operating as a matter of fact rather than by official rule

Treatment of West Africans - Extra-legal

• Outside of the law

• Physical punishment, torture, and intimidation

Rules or laws against West Africans - De Jure

Law that is written in the books

Rules or laws against West Africans - Slave Codes

Were about those that were enslaved

Rules or laws against West Africans - Black Codes/Code Noir

• Were about those that were African/African American

• Same as the Slave Codes

• Added to every year

• Write down anything that an African/African American can be punished for, can or cannot do

Three-Fifths clause

Compromise between people that did and didn’t own slaves, where African Americans count as three-fifths of a person

Article IV, Section 4

• Repercussion after slave insurrections or rebellions

• Federal government to protect states against invasion and “domestic violence”

Article 1, Section 6, Clause 15

• Repercussion after slave insurrections or rebellions

• Calling forth the militia to “suppress" insurrections and repel invasions”

Fugitive Slave Clause (Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3)

• Repercussion after slave insurrections or rebellions

• “No person held to service or labor in one state…shall be discharged from such service or labor [in another state]”

Evangelical Protestantism

• One of the movements during the First Wave (Second Movement of Immigration)

• The Second Great Awakening - renewal of their faith and people going back to their faith

• Changed the way to worship to allow more people in (including women and children)

Nativists / Nativism / Native Americans

• Part of the Nativist Movement

• One of the movements during the First Wave

• Group of people against foreigners/ the other, that led to creating a political party

• Believed foreigners are going to be the death of native born Americans

American / Know-Nothing Party

• Wanted to change the naturalization statues to something more stronger

• Wanted more restriction to all people from becoming American - shouldn’t be able to vote or become a citizen

• People with a foreign background shouldn’t be able to vote or hold a political office position

political platform

Series of beliefs that a party believes in

Forced assimilation

[Irish] had no choice but to assimilate (like the Penal Laws)

Penal Laws

• Told the Irish what they can and can’t do

• Led to passive resistance

• Blueprint for Black Codes

Overpopulation

The country can’t support the people who live there

Tenant farmers

[Irish] grows crops or raises animals on land owned by [British] to send back to Britain

Irish Lumper

• Potato

• Introduced by the British in 1700

• Easy to grow

• Nutritious and versatile

• Was plenty food for humans and livestock

Potato Blight

• September 1845

• An airborne disease transferred from a boat from America to Ireland

Potato Famine (1845-1851)

• “Gorta Mor” / “The Great Hunger”

• Lack of food led to starvation

• Caused malnourishment diseases

Laissez-faire

• The English government didn’t involve themselves economically during the Potato Famine

• Hired the Irish to do public work until they were no longer needed

cultural pluralism

no assimilation, and supports diversity (key idea of the Pennsylvania Model)

Sponsored migration

• A type of chain migration

• Someone is paying you to come to America (due to a variety of reasons)