3 Biometrics

These flashcards cover key terminology and concepts related to medical jurisprudence and biometrics, sourced from the provided lecture notes.

Biometrics

The measurement and statistical analysis of people's unique physical and behavioral characteristics.

Fingerprint

An impression made by the pattern of ridges and furrows on a person’s fingertip.

Iris Patterns

Unique patterns in the colored part of the eye, used for identification purposes.

Facial Recognition

A biometric technology that uses facial features to identify or verify a person.

Voice Recognition

The ability of a machine to identify a human voice and understand spoken commands.

Forensic Odontology

The application of dental science to legal investigations, often involving identification of victims' remains.

Latent Fingerprint

A fingerprint that is not visible to the naked eye and requires processing to be identified.

Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)

A system used by law enforcement agencies to automatically match fingerprints.

Ten-print Card

A card used to capture the fingerprints of all ten fingers, both rolled and slapped.

Minutiae

Distinctive features of a fingerprint pattern that help in identifying individuals.

Epigenetics

The study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.

Data Privacy Act

A law that regulates the processing of personal information, aiming to protect individual privacy.

Identification Mode

A comparison in biometric systems that matches an individual's traits against a database of multiple identities.

Verification Mode

A biometric process that confirms an individual's identity by comparison with their own stored biometric data.

Forensic Evidence

Information presented in a court of law that is derived from scientific analysis of physical evidence.

Bite Mark Evidence

Physical marks left by teeth on a victim or object that can help in identifying a perpetrator.

Biometric System Architecture

The structural components of a biometric system, including capture, processing, storage, and matching modules.

Signatures

A person’s unique written name, often used for verification or identification purposes.

Voiceprint

A unique pattern of a person's voice, used similarly to a fingerprint for identification.

Criminal Justice System

The system of law enforcement, judiciary, and corrections that enforces criminal law.

Biogeographic DNA Ancestry Testing

A method used to identify geographical origins based on DNA analysis.

Tenprints-to-tenprint inquiries

Matching known fingerprints against the AFIS database to confirm identity.

Face Detection Process

The initial step in facial recognition that locates human faces within images or videos.

Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)

Government authority responsible for implementing the Aadhaar system of unique identification using biometrics.

Chain of Custody

The documentation process that ensures evidence is preserved and accounted for from the time of collection to presentation in court.

Aperture in Eye Anatomy

The opening controlled by the iris that regulates light entry into the eye.

Justice

The moral principle determining just conduct; the administration of the law regardless of the person involved.

Medico-Legal Implications

Legal issues and consequences that arise from medical evidence and procedures.

Intrauterine Life

The period of development of a fetus inside the womb.

Amplification in Genetic Testing

The process of increasing the amount of DNA available for analysis.

Biometric Authentication

The process of verifying an identity using a person's unique biological characteristics.

Optical Imaging Method

A technique that captures visual information about physical traits for identification.

Skeletal Remains

The bones of a deceased individual, often analyzed for identification purposes.

Pulmonary Reflex

A reflex response that controls the diameter of the pupil in response to light.

Soft Tissue Compression

The physical pressure applied to the skin during a biting action.

Extraction Module

Part of a biometric system that obtains biometric data to produce a digital representation.

Decision Module

The module in a biometric system that determines identity based on comparison results.

Behavioral Traits

Characteristics of an individual's behavior that can aid in identification.

Technical Skill in Law

A specialized ability necessary for legal practitioners to handle complex cases.

Ethics in Biometrics

Moral principles governing the responsible use and implementation of biometric technologies.

DNA Profiling

The process of determining an individual’s DNA characteristics for identification.

Data Security Standards

Protocols established to protect data integrity and privacy.

Cold Case

An unsolved criminal investigation that has not been active for a significant period.

Neighborhood Policing

A strategy that involves local police working with communities to build trust and ensure safety.

Forensic Analysis

The examination and evaluation of evidence to establish facts in a legal context.

Voice Identification Techniques

Methods used to identify individuals based on unique characteristics of their voice.

Radiological Imaging

The use of various imaging technologies to visualize the internal structures of an object.

Personal Identification Number (PIN)

A secure numeric code used to verify the identity of a user in biometric systems.

Legal Exclusion of Evidence

A ruling that prevents certain evidence from being presented in court.

Hypothesis Testing in Forensics

A method used to validate assumptions about sample evidence in investigations.

Failure Analysis

Investigating the causes of unsuccessful outcomes, especially in biometric systems.

Suspect Identification Procedures

Methods used by law enforcement to confirm the identity of a suspect.

Photographic Evidence

Images presented in court to support the facts or claims of a case.

Identification by Dental Records

The process of using dental history to identify unknown individuals.

Behavioral Analysis in Forensics

Examining patterns of behavior to understand motives and identify individuals involved in cases.

Biometrics in Cybersecurity

Utilizing biometric authentication methods to enhance online security.

Post-Mortem Analysis

The examination of a body after death to determine cause or identity.

Tracking Digital Footprint

Monitoring online behavior to gather evidence related to an individual.

Legal Standards of Evidence

Criteria established by law for admissibility and reliability of evidence presented in court.

Confidentiality Agreements

Legal contracts that protect sensitive information shared between parties.

Genetic Sample Collection

The process of gathering biological materials for analysis, typically in forensic contexts.

Vulnerability Assessment

Evaluating an entity to identify weaknesses in security or legal compliance.

Mortuary Science

The study and practice of funeral service and preparation of the deceased.