AP World Unit 7 Vocab

Young Turks

Young rebellious people in the Ottoman Empire who forced the Sultan to reform

Turkification

A process of cultural change designed to make all citizens of the empire feel a part of a common Turkish heritage and society

Bolsheviks

Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian government during WWI

communists

people who favor the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Sun Yet-sen

"Father of Chinese Republic" leader of the Nationalist revolution; establishes the Nationalist party

Kemal Ataturk

Father of the Turks, saved Turkey from being carved up Post WWI, helped to modernize through industrialization

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

Francisco Madero

Early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered, led to power struggles

Francisco Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

Great War

name originally given to the First World War (1914-1918).

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Archduke Franz

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian (Princip) in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Secret Alliances

When nations joined together to support each other. Was originally meant to keep peace, but instead pushed nations into WWI. Triple Entente Vs. Triple Alliance

self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

stalemate

A deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other

propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

reparations

Payment for war damages

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S. This is a leading cause that forced US to join WWI

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

ANZAC

The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, which was a combined force of Australian and New Zealand volunteer soldiers

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Clemenceau (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

Big Four

The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Treaty of Versaille

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Poison Gas

Introduced by the Germans and was used by both sides during the war; caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle"-a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany

Reichstag

the parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building). Nazi Party staged a burning of this building as they came into power.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Third Reich

The Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.

Sudetenland

Land in Czechoslovakia that Hitler thought was rightfully Germany's due to the large German speaking population

Munich Agreement

Agreement between Chamberlain (Britain) and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land, and if did, would declare war

Nonagression pact between Germany and U.S.S.R.

August 23, 1939 - Germany and Russia agreed not to attack each other, which allowed Hitler to open up a second front in the West without worrying about defending against Russia. Granted Western Poland ot Germany, but allowed Russia to occupy Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Eastern Poland. Hitler intended to break the pact.

Blitzkreig

"Lighting Wars" type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Luftwaffe

German Air Force

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

V-E Day

May 8, 1945 - Victory in Europe Day

V-J Day

August 15, 1945 - the Victory in Japan Day when the Japanese surrendered

Genocide

Deliberate attempted killing of a group of people based on their race, religion, or ethnicity

Final Solution

Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people (1942)

Ethnic Cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Balkanization

the process of breaking up a region into small, mutually hostile units

Rwanda

(1995) African nation that experienced genocide against its Tutsi population, carried out by Hutus.

Darfur

a region in western Sudan where ethnic conflict led to genocide

Rhineland

A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

Indian National Congress (INC)

Major Indian political party; began as leading organization of Indian independence movement

Manchuko

puppet state in Manchuria under Japanese control, Puyi is appointed ruler but he has no power, only a few countries recognize it as a legit nation

Francisco Franco

Spanish General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting.

Hyperinflation

A very rapid rise in the price level; an extremely high rate of inflation. Happened in Germany following WWI.

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Appeasment policy

British (Chamberlain!) and French policy of giving in to Adolf Hitler's territorial demands prior to the outbreak of WWII

Facism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.

Keynesian economics

Economic theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms. Used by FDR to get out of the great depression.

New Economic Plan (NEP)

Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration.

Collectivised Agriculture

Stalin, Five Year Plan- farmland was taken from private owners and given to collectives (Kolkhoz) to manage.

hypernationalism

belief in superiority of one's nation over all others and the single-minded promotion of national interests. Varga's Estado Novo program promote. (Brazil)

Pan-Arabism

nationalist movement that called for unification of all lands in N Africa and the Middle East- spurred by the fall of the Ottoman Empire (many nations became mandates)

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

founded in 1921 eventually led by Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong

son of a prosperous peasant, inspired by communist rev. in Russia. Instead of energizing the working classes of Chinese cities, believed that China's communist rev,. could be based on revolt of peasants (made up most of China's population).

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japan expand empire until 1945 (when WWII end). Seized Philippines. Dutch East Indies, British Malaya, Burma, numerous Pacific islands. This is what they called these territories. Japan claimed to be liberating people from Western imperialism, but people in region experienced Japan as a conquer.

Armenian Genocide

the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries

Firebombing

A bombing technique that destroys a target through the use of fire; instead of a large blast from bombs incendiary devices are used to cause damage. One of many techniques used during WW2 to cause mass murder and destruction