Ap Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards

Memory

Memory

Persistence of Learning over time

Recall

Retrieving Previously learned info

Recognition

Identifying previously learned info

Encoding

Putting info into our brain

Storage

Retaining info

Retreaval

Getting info back out

Explicit Memory

Processed with attention and can be consciously recalled

Effortful Processing

conscious encoding

Implicit Memory

Wasn’t deliberately learned or of which you have no conscious awareness

Automatic Processing

Unconscious encoding

Sensory Memory

Immediate, brief recording of sensory info

Echoic Memory

Auditory sensory memory (3-4 seconds)

Iconic Memory

Visual Sensory memory (1/4 second)

Short Term Memory (STM)

Preserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute (20 seconds) without rehearsal. Stores limited amounts of Info

Levels of Processing Theory

Info that’s move thoroughly connected to meaningful items in LTM will be better remembered.

Mnemonics

Techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and Info already in LTM

Chunking/Clostering

Organizing pieces of info into a smaller number of meaningful units.

Long Term Memory

Stores material organized according to meaning. Limitless in capacity and duration.

Semantic Encoding

Ignore details; encode general meaning/connections

Procedural Memory

Division of LTM that stores memories for how things are done

Declarative Memory

Division of LTM that stores facts

Semantic memory

Facts and general knowledge

Episodic Memory

Experience events “episodes”

Retrieval cues

Bring memory to awareness

Priming

Technique for retrieving memories by providing cues that simulate a memory.

Serial-Position effect

Tendency to best recall the first and last items in a list

Encoding Specificity Principle

Cues and context specific to a memory will be most effective in recalling it

Context-dependent Memory

Memory learned in one environment, best recalled in same.

State-dependent Memory

Memory learned in one state, best recalled in the same state. (Drunk, High)

Mood-Congruent Memory

Recall of memories consistent with current mood.

Encoding Failure

Unsuccessful transfer and storage of info into LTM

Amnesia

Loss of memory due to disease, damage, or psychological trauma

Retrograde Amnesia

Unable to recall past info

Anterograde Amnesia

Unable to learn/remember new info

Source Amnesia

Faulty memory for how, when, or where info was learned

Transience/Decay

Impermanence of an LTM; gradually fade in strength over time (Forgetting Curve graph)

Interference

Disruption of blocked recall by other info

Proactive Interference

New is blocked by old

Retroactive Interference

Old is blocked by new

Repression

Unmotivated banishment of anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, memories from consciousness

Reconsolidation

Alteration of stored memories when retrieved/stored again

Misinformation effect

When misleading info has distorted one’s memory

Expectancy bias

A tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit expectations

Misattribution

Memories are retrieved, but are associated with the wrong place, time, or person

Imagination Inflation

Imagining an event which never happened can increase confidences that it actually occurred

Metacognition

Thinking about thinking

Algorithms

Methodical, logical procedures that guarantee solving a problem

Heuristics

Simple thinking strategy allowing us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently, and faster

Mental set

Tendency to respond to a new problem in the manner used to a previous problem

Functional Fixedness

Inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose.

Divergent thinkiner

Being able to generate multiple answers or possible solutions

Confirmation Bias

Ignoring/finding fault with info that doesn’t fit our opinions and seeking info with which we agree.

Belief Perseverance

Cling to even when discredited

Representativeness Heuristic

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, match, or particular prototypes, ignore other info.

Availability Heuristic

Strategy that estimates probabilities based on info that can be recalled from personal experience

Language

Symbols and set of rules(grammer) that provide a vehicle for communication

Innateness (nativist) theory

Children learn language mainly by following an inborn program for acquiring vocab and grammar

Language acquisition device (LAD)

Structure in the brain innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammar (Noam Chomsky)

Critical Period

Age by which task must be complete; 12 yo for language

Overregularization

Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms

Phoneme

Smallest distinctive unit of sound with meaning

Nirphemes

Smallest unit that carries meaning

Grammer

Rules of language

Syntax

Rules of grammar

Telegraphic Speech

Short,simple sentences.