Ap Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards

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65 Terms

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Memory

Persistence of Learning over time

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Recall

Retrieving Previously learned info

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Recognition

Identifying previously learned info

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Encoding

Putting info into our brain

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Storage

Retaining info

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Retreaval

Getting info back out

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Explicit Memory

Processed with attention and can be consciously recalled

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Effortful Processing

conscious encoding

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Implicit Memory

Wasn’t deliberately learned or of which you have no conscious awareness

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Automatic Processing

Unconscious encoding

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Sensory Memory

Immediate, brief recording of sensory info

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Echoic Memory

Auditory sensory memory (3-4 seconds)

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Iconic Memory

Visual Sensory memory (1/4 second)

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Short Term Memory (STM)

Preserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute (20 seconds) without rehearsal. Stores limited amounts of Info

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Levels of Processing Theory

Info that’s move thoroughly connected to meaningful items in LTM will be better remembered.

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Mnemonics

Techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and Info already in LTM

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Chunking/Clostering

Organizing pieces of info into a smaller number of meaningful units.

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Long Term Memory

Stores material organized according to meaning. Limitless in capacity and duration.

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Semantic Encoding

Ignore details; encode general meaning/connections

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Procedural Memory

Division of LTM that stores memories for how things are done

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Declarative Memory

Division of LTM that stores facts

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Semantic memory

Facts and general knowledge

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Episodic Memory

Experience events “episodes”

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Retrieval cues

Bring memory to awareness

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Priming

Technique for retrieving memories by providing cues that simulate a memory.

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Serial-Position effect

Tendency to best recall the first and last items in a list

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Encoding Specificity Principle

Cues and context specific to a memory will be most effective in recalling it

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Context-dependent Memory

Memory learned in one environment, best recalled in same.

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State-dependent Memory

Memory learned in one state, best recalled in the same state. (Drunk, High)

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Mood-Congruent Memory

Recall of memories consistent with current mood.

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Encoding Failure

Unsuccessful transfer and storage of info into LTM

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Amnesia

Loss of memory due to disease, damage, or psychological trauma

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Retrograde Amnesia

Unable to recall past info

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Anterograde Amnesia

Unable to learn/remember new info

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Source Amnesia

Faulty memory for how, when, or where info was learned

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Transience/Decay

Impermanence of an LTM; gradually fade in strength over time (Forgetting Curve graph)

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Interference

Disruption of blocked recall by other info

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Proactive Interference

New is blocked by old

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Retroactive Interference

Old is blocked by new

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Repression

Unmotivated banishment of anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, memories from consciousness

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Reconsolidation

Alteration of stored memories when retrieved/stored again

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Misinformation effect

When misleading info has distorted one’s memory

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Expectancy bias

A tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit expectations

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Misattribution

Memories are retrieved, but are associated with the wrong place, time, or person

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Imagination Inflation

Imagining an event which never happened can increase confidences that it actually occurred

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Metacognition

Thinking about thinking

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Algorithms

Methodical, logical procedures that guarantee solving a problem

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Heuristics

Simple thinking strategy allowing us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently, and faster

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Mental set

Tendency to respond to a new problem in the manner used to a previous problem

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Functional Fixedness

Inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose.

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Divergent thinkiner

Being able to generate multiple answers or possible solutions

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Confirmation Bias

Ignoring/finding fault with info that doesn’t fit our opinions and seeking info with which we agree.

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Belief Perseverance

Cling to even when discredited

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Representativeness Heuristic

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, match, or particular prototypes, ignore other info.

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Availability Heuristic

Strategy that estimates probabilities based on info that can be recalled from personal experience

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Language

Symbols and set of rules(grammer) that provide a vehicle for communication

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Innateness (nativist) theory

Children learn language mainly by following an inborn program for acquiring vocab and grammar

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Language acquisition device (LAD)

Structure in the brain innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammar (Noam Chomsky)

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Critical Period

Age by which task must be complete; 12 yo for language

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Overregularization

Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms

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Phoneme

Smallest distinctive unit of sound with meaning

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Nirphemes

Smallest unit that carries meaning

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Grammer

Rules of language

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Syntax

Rules of grammar

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Telegraphic Speech

Short,simple sentences.