Ch 20 Sec 1: FDR and the 1932 Election

20th Amendment

Constitutional amendment ratified in 1933 that shortened the presidential 'lame duck' period by moving Inauguration Day from March to January 20.

Brain Trust

Franklin D. Roosevelt's informal group of advisors, consisting of professors, social workers, lawyers, and journalists, who helped formulate New Deal strategies.

Frances Perkins

The first female Cabinet member in U.S. history, who served as Secretary of Labor under Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Three R's of the New Deal

Relief (immediate aid for the unemployed), Recovery (economic revival for business and agriculture), and Reform (structural changes to prevent future depressions).

First Hundred Days

The period from March 9 to June 16, 1933, during which a special session of Congress passed 15 major legislative acts.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

1933 legislation that closed banks during a 'bank holiday' and granted the Treasury Secretary sole authority to reopen financially sound institutions.

Fireside chats

Informal radio addresses used by Franklin D. Roosevelt to explain complex policies and legislation directly to the American public.

Keynesian Economics

An economic theory proposing that government deficit spending ('pump priming') stimulates consumer demand and drives economic growth during a downturn.

21st Amendment

1933 constitutional amendment that repealed Prohibition, allowing the government to generate tax revenue from alcohol production and sales.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

A program employing young men aged 18 to 25 for natural resource conservation work, paying $30$ per month with $25$ sent home to families.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

1933 law aimed at increasing farm crop prices by paying farmers subsidies to reduce production and eliminate agricultural surpluses.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A public development agency proposed by Senator George W. Norris that built dams to control floods and supply cheap hydroelectric power.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

1933 law that set industry codes for fair competition, established minimum wages and maximum hours, and guaranteed collective bargaining rights.

Blue Eagle

The official emblem displayed by businesses to show voluntary compliance with National Recovery Administration fair-practice codes.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

An agency led by Harold Ickes that spent $3.3\text{ billion}$ dollars on public infrastructure projects to stimulate job creation.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

An agency headed by Harry Hopkins that provided direct financial grants ('the dole') and work-relief programs to citizens.