Psych101: Chap 6 Flash

Level of Processing Model

Proposes that memory differences are due to the depth of processing rather than separate memory stores, distinguishing between structural, phonemic, and semantic levels.

Long-term Memory

Conceptualized as consisting of procedural and declarative components.

Procedural Memory

Stores information about how to perform tasks and skills, such as riding a bike or cooking.

Declarative Memory

Mediates the acquisition of facts and is subdivided into semantic and episodic memory.

Semantic Memory

Includes general knowledge and facts independent of content, such as recalling past presidents' names.

Episodic Memory

Consists of personal experiences and events, like graduations or weddings.

Flashbulb Memories

Vivid, detailed memories of significant events stored in episodic memory.

Implicit Memory

Automatic memory that does not require conscious recollection, associated with procedural memory.

Explicit Memory

Requires conscious recollection and is associated with declarative memory.

Prospective Memory

The ability to remember to perform tasks in the future.

Long-term potentiation

suggests that stronger synapses enhance communication between neurons

Retrieval

The process of accessing stored information; dependent on retrieval cues

Retrieval Cues

Clues or prompts that trigger recollection of stored memories, such as sounds or smells

retrieval cue failure

inability to recall long-term memories

Tip-of-the-Tongue Experience (TOT)

The sensation of knowing the information is stored but being temporarily unable to retrieve it (ppl have about one a week; more common in older people)

Recall

Retrieving information without any retrieval cues (ex: fill-in-the-blank tests)

Cued Recall

Remembering information in response to a specific retrieval cue (ex: word bank)

Recognition

Identifying correct information from multiple choice (ex: multiple-choice tests)

Encoding Specificity Principle

Suggests that recreating original learning conditions aids retrieval

Context Effect

The tendency to remember information better when retrieval occurs in the same setting as learning

Mood Congruence

The idea that a given mood evokes memories consistent with that mood.

Ebbinghaus

Conducted significant studies on forgetting using nonsense syllables and the relearning method

Trace Decay Theory

Suggests that memory traces decay over time due to disuse.

Interference Theory

Proposes that forgetting occurs when previously acquired information affects recall.

Retroactive Interference

When new information interferes with the recall of old information (ex: getting a new phone and having a hard time remembering your NEW number because of your old one)

Proactive Interference

When old information interferes with the learning or recall of new information (ex: getting a new phone and having a hard time remembering your OLD number because of your new one)

Cue-Dependent Forgetting

the inability to recall information without the use of memory cues

Imperfect Memories

Suggest that memories can be distorted and may contain inaccuracies

Misinformation Effect

A memory distortion phenomenon where existing memories can be altered by misleading information (argued by Elizabeth Loftus)

Karl Lashley

Researched memory traces and concluded that memory is stored throughout the brain.

Retrograde Amnesia

Loss of memory for past events, often due to injury.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories after an injury.

Dementia

Progressive deterioration of memory and cognitive functions due to disease, injury, or substance use

Alzheimer’s Disease

A progressive disease that destroys neurons, impairing memory and cognitive functions (impairing memory, thinking, language, and the ability to care for oneself)