Psych exam 2

Independent variable

Stays the same

Dependent variable

Manipulated

Confounding variable

An outside factor that can affect results of a study

Id

Immediate satisfaction

Ego

Try to solve a problem more realistically

Superego

Internalized values

Backword conditioning

a stimulus is presented after a response, often used to reinforce behavior.

Stimulus generalization

Being taught fear response

Operant

Form of learning in which stimulus happens after the behavior is demonstrated

Cued recall

Retrieval cues

Recognition

Multiple choice on a test

Free recall

No retrieval cues

Episodic memory

Memory of personally experienced events

Greenwald cognitive bias

Seeing your behavior as being capable of influencing outcomes that are objectively determined by chance

A bystander who is in the presence of other people is more or less likely to help people

Less

Ego defense mechanisms

The ego tries to tackle a problem in a realistic way

Projection

Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else.

Sublimation

Putting energy towards something productive

Displacement

Redirecting emotions from the original source to a safer target.

classical conditioning

A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

conformity

A social influence process where individuals change their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to align with group norms or expectations.

Negative conditions

that can lead to maladaptive behaviors or emotional distress in individuals.

negative punishment

A type of operant conditioning that involves the removal of a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

reminiscence

The act of recalling past experiences or memories, often triggered by specific cues or stimuli.

fundamental attribution error

Refers to the tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and downplay situational factors when explaining others' behaviors.

Backword conditioning

is a type of classical conditioning where the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the conditioned stimulus, often resulting in ineffective learning.

overshadowing

when two stimulus are presented together but only one is learned

unconditioned

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

conditioned

s a previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to evoke a conditioned response

inhibition

occurs when observing the behavior of others reduces the likelihood of an individual engaging in a similar action

Acquisition

refers to the process of gaining new knowledge, skills, behaviors, or attitudes by watching and imitating others, without direct personal experience.

Greenwalds bias of vicarious beneffectance

a psychological phenomenon where individuals derive a sense of achievement or enhanced self-esteem by associating themselves with the success or positive outcomes of others, even when they played no direct role in those achievements

Greenwalds bias of beneffectance

the tendency of individuals to take disproportionate credit for their successes while distancing themselves from their failures.