Science y10 yearly

Sequences

Order of nucleotides in a gene.

Heredity

Passing traits from parent to offspring.

Dominant allele

One copy shows the trait.

Recessive allele

Needs two copies to show the trait.

Mutation

Changes in DNA.

Recombination

Gene shuffling during meiosis.

Allele

Variant form of a gene.

Genotype

The gene combination in an organism.

Phenotype

Observable traits.

Homozygous

Same alleles (AA or aa).

Heterozygous

Different alleles (Aa).

Chromosome

DNA structure with many genes.

Genome

Complete genetic material.

Mendelian genetics

Study of single-gene trait inheritance.

Describe the strcuture of Dna

A double helix twisted ladder with 2 strands of nucleotides.

Nucleotides

building block of DNA.

Cloning

Process of creating a genetically identical copy of an organism.

Therapeutic cloning

cells are cloned for medical purpose.

Reproductive cloning

entire organism is produced with the same genotype.

In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

A medical procedure where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body in a lab.

Evolution

organisms changing over time.

Survival of the fittest

Process of inheritable traits that assist in survival becoming more common.

Haploid

a set of chromosomes

Diploid

2 sets of chromosomes in non-sex cells.

Natural selection

The process of favorable characteristics becoming more common through reproduction.

Comparative anatomy

comparing skelton of different organisms to find similarities.

Comparative embryology

compares embryo development to find common ancestors.

Comparative cytology

Our organelles are structural and functionally very similar suggesting that everything is related.

Comparative biochemistry

We all have different similar enzymes and proteins, so our DNA is similar.

Fossils

Shows different forms of species at different times. Through these fossils we compare their features. Carbon dating is used to estimate the age of organisms.

Energy transfer

carry energy

Superposition

overlap or combing leading to stuff like diffraction.

Reflection

bounce of surfaces

Refraction

Waves bend as they pass from one substance to another, measured in PAscals

Diffraction

Bending around obstacles.

Frequency

measured in Hertz, speed of the wave, controls pitch.

Wavelength

Distance between each compression, measured in meters

Amplitude

max displacement of particles caused by a wave; basically its strength. Controls sound. Measured in metres. Height of trough/crest

Pressure

measured in Pascals

Density

kilos per cubic meter

Longitudinal waves

displacement is parallel to the direction of wave propagation.

Mechanical wave

A wave that requires a medium to propagate.

Compression

High pressure regions, the higher area. Crest

Rarefraction

Low pressure region, the bottom area. Trough

Superposition

combine of waves. Calculate its amplitude by summing up the amplitude of the waves combined.

Acceleration formula

V = u + at | A = acceleration t = time u = initial speed v= final speed

Law of motion one

Objects in motion stay in motion and objects at rest stay at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.  More mass means harder to change motion. There is always an unbalanced force acting upon an object. 

Law of motion 2

Force (N) = mass(Kg) * acceleration.  Force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration of an object.

Law of motion 3

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Waves in the EM spectrum

radio waves, microwaves, infrared, light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays

Radio waves

Electromagnetic waves with longest wavelengths (1mm to 100km) and lowest frequencies (3Hz to 300MHz)

Radio wave properties

Low energy(weakest wave), non-ionizing, travel through wall and long distances.

Microwaves

Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths from 1mm to 1m + frequencies of 300MHz to 300GHz.

Microwave properties

2nd weakest wave, focused into beams, absorbed by water molecules to heat.

Infrared waves

Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths from 700nm to 1mm + frequencies from 300 GHz to 430 THz.

infrared properties

transfers heat, invisible to us, emitted by anything has heat. 

Visible light 

Only part of EM that is visible to our eyes, with wavelengths from 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red), frequencies range from 430THz to 750THz.

visible light properties 

colours of light WE can see, carries some energy, uses reflection, refraction and absorption to interact with other particles.

UV radiation

Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths from 10 nm to 400 nm + frequencies from 750THz to 30PHz. 

UV properties

3rd strongest, can cause chem reactions such as sunburns, partially ionizing.

X-rays

Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths from 0.01 nm to 10nm + frequencies from 30PHz to 30 EHz. 

X-rays properties 

2nd strongest, ionizing, can penetrate soft tissues but absorbed by denser materials like bones. 

Gamma rays

Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths less than 0.01 nm + frequencies above 30EHz.

Gamma properties

most powerful, highly ionizing, can penetrate most materials, produced by radioactive decay or nuclear reactions.

uses for radio waves

broadcasting and wireless comms

uses for Microwaves

ovens, satelliite comms

uses for Infrared rad

thermal imaging, older remotes

uses for visible light

digital screens, light bulbs

uses of UV rad

sterilise surfaces, skin tanning,

uses of X-rays

medical imaging, security

uses of Gamma rays

cancer treatment, cleaning medical equipment

Atom

smallest unit of matter

Element

consist of one type of atom

Compound

bonded elements

Molecules

atoms of same type grouped together; not bonded

Properties of acids

hydrogen ions, sour taste, pH less than 7, turn litmus red, donates protons,

Properties of alkali

hydroxide ions, bitter taste, pH greater than 7, turn litmus blue, accepts protons.

Acid+ base gen equation (neutralisation)

Acid + base —> salt + water

Acid + metal gen equation

Acid + metal —> hydrogen + salt

Acid + carbonate gen equation

acid + carbonate —> salt + carbon dioxide + water

combustion gen equation

fuel + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Decomposition gen equation

AB —> A + B

Precipitation gen equation

AB + CD —> AC + BD

corrosion define

A chemical reaction where metal react with oxygen and start rusting

precipitation define

creation of insoluble solid through 2 liquids

Combustion define

Substances burns with oxygen to create energy, water and CO2

Collision theory

States atoms collide and create energy to react. Collision must be in correct order

how increasing temp speed up reaction

increasing temperature speeds up particles, so more collisions

how increasing concentration speed up reaction

more particles to collide with so more collisions

how increasing surface area speed up reaction

more particles exposed for collision

how catalyst speed up reaction

activation energy reduced so less collisions needed.

Endothermic

absorbs heat, temp decrease

Exothermic

releases heat, temp increase

Exo or endo

Exothermic

Exo or endo

Endothermic

NH₄⁺

Ammonium

OH⁻

Hydroxide

NO₃⁻

Nitrate

CO₃²⁻

Carbonate

SO₃²⁻

Sulfite