Nutrition Exam 2 Concept Maps + some notes (Vitamins)

What is required for absorption of vitamins?

CCK and 5g fat

What fat soluble vitamins require digestions? What enzyme is used?

A and E; Esterases

How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed? How are they transported?

Passive diffusion; lipoproteins (chylomicrons MC)

What are the 2 forms of Vitamin A?

Proformed and Preformed

Carotenoids are found in what form of Vitamin A?

Proformed

What are the sources of proformed vitamin A?

Dark green leafy veggies, pumpkin, spinach, carrots

What is the function of carotenoids?

Antioxidant

___________ Vitamin A comes from plants and the ____________ Vitamin A comes from animals

Proformed; Preformed

What are the types of preformed vitamin A?

Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid

What is the function of retinol?

Reproduction and growth

What is the function of Retinal?

Vision

What protein is found in the eye and contains retinal?

Rhodopsin

What are the functions of retinoic acid?

immunity, gene expression, and cell differentiation

What receptors does retinoic acid bind to for gene expression?

Retinoid X receptor (RXR)

Where is preformed vitamin A stored? What form are they stored in?

Liver; Retinol esters

What is needed to mobilize preformed vitamin A out of the liver?

Zinc and Protein

How is vitamin A linked to vitamin K?

decreases Vitamin K absorption

What two minerals/vitamins does Vitamin A influence?

Iron and Vitamin K

What are the functions of vitamin D?

Immunity, gene expression, homeostasis, muscle, and cell signaling

Vitamin D controls homeostasis of what 2 things?

Calcium and phosphorus

What vitamin influences the MISS cascade?

Vitamin D

What are the 2 forms of vitamin D? Which is the plant form and which is the animal form?

Ergocalciferol (plants) and cholecalciferol (animals)

What are the 2 vitamin D deficiencies?

Rickets and osteomalacia

What is vitamin D stored?

Adipose tissue

Between 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which is the active form and which is the biomarker?

Biomarker = 25-hydroxyvitamin D3

Active = 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

What factors impact synthesis of Vitamin D?

Season, latitude, cloud cover, skin pigmentation, sunscreen, and age

(think sun exposure)

What are some sources of cholecalciferol?

cow's milk and fish

Where is cholcalciferol activated?

Kidneys

What is the best source of ergocalciferol?

Mushrooms

What is the RDA for...

<1 year old =

1-70 years old =

>70 years old =

<1 year old = 400 IU

1-70 years old = 600 iU

>70 years old = 800 IU

What does vitamin D toxicity cause?

Hypercalcemia (kidney stones) and hyperphosphatemia

Does vitamin D increase or decrease Calcium levels and how?

Increases; Activated Vitamin D increases ...

1. absorption (in GI by making more calcium binding proteins)

2. Resorption of calcium (in the kidney by making more calcium binding proteins)

What part of the plant do we find Vitamin E in?

Germ

What are the functions of vitamin E?

Immunity, antioxidant, and found in plasma membranes

What does vitamin E do in the plasma membrane?

Decrease oxidation of PUFAs

What are the forms of vitamin E?

tocopherols and tocotrienols

What are some sources of vitamin E?

Nuts, seeds, and oils

What happens with vitamin E toxicity? Why?

Increase bleeding; because vitamin E and K compete for absorption (vit K causes clotting)

What does a tocopherols deficiency cause?

neuropathy and hemolytic anemia in premies

What are the 2 forms of Vitamin K? Which is the plant form and which is the animal form

Phylloquinone (plants) and menaquinone (animals)

A deficiency in vitamin K cause? Who is most susceptible to this?

Increase bleeding; newborns and malabs

What are some sources of phylloquinones?

broccoli, dark leafy green veggies, kiwi, peas, beans

What are some sources of menaquinones?

Natto, meat, dairy, eggs, LI bacteria

What enzyme is vitamin K a coenzyme for?

Carboxyglutamates

How does vitamin K help carboxyglutamates form calcium-binding sites?

Vitamin K adds a COO- group onto the glutamate giving it a -2 charge to attract the Ca2+

The calcium-binding site formed by vitamin K is important for what 2 proteins? What doe these proteins do?

Osteocalcin - bone formation

Prothrombin - clotting

Antibiotics interfere with the cascade of what vitamin?

Vitamin K

What is another name for Vitamin C?

Ascorbic Acid

What are some functions of ascorbic acid?

antioxidant, regenerates vitamin E, revents nitrosamine formation, maintains Fe and Ci reduced states, Fe absorption, and collagen synthesis

What process does vitamin C help with in the synthesis of collagen?

Hydroxylation

What is the RDA for ascorbic acid...

Women =

Men =

Smokers =

Women = 75mg

Men = 90mg

Smokers = RDA + 35mg

What foods can vitamin C be found in?

Bell peppers, citrus fruit, dark leafy green veggies, and broccoli

What is an ascorbic acid deficiency called? What are its symptoms?

Scurvy; hemorrhagic signs, hyperkeratosis of hair follicles, hypochondriasis, and hematologic

What does vitamin C toxicity cause?

Diarrhea

What factors make vitamin C unstable?

Water, basic pH, Heat, and oxygen

Where are most water soluble vitamins absorbed and how?

Small intestine; facilitated diffusion

What is the only water soluble vitamin that does not get absorbed via facilitated diffusion?

B12

What are some food sources of thiamin?

Pork, yeast, other meats, whole grains, and legumes

What form of B1 is the coenzyme form and what are the functions?

TDP; dehydrogenases and transketolases

What form of B1 is the noncoenzyme form and what are the functions?

TTP; important for nerves

Whar is a beriberi a deficiency in?

Thiamin

What type of beriberi has peripheral edema? What type is associated with low thiamin and carbs? What form is found in babies?

Of these, which is associated with enlarged heart and which is associated with muscle weakness?

Wet - enlarged heart

Dry - muscle weakness

Acute

Warnicke Korsakoff is found in __________ and is a deficiency in ___________.

alcoholics; thiamin (B1)

What B vitamin is...

Biotin =

Thiamin =

Pyridoxal phosphate =

Niacin =

Cobalamin =

Riboflavin =

Pantothenic acid =

Folate =

Biotin = B7

Thiamin = B1

Pyridoxal phosphate = B6

Niacin = B3

Cobalamin = B12

Riboflavin = B2

Pantothenic acid = B5

Folate = B9

What factors make B1 unstable?

Water, heat, basic pH, phenolic acids, and thiaminases in raw fish

Where do transketolases act?

Pentose-phosphate pathway

What foods sources is riboflavin found in?

Cow's milk, enriched grains, almonds, eggs, meats, and soybeans

What factors make B2 unstable?

Light and water

Where are the coenzymes forms of of B2 (FAD and FMN) used? (select all that apply

Gluconeogenesis

Glycolysis

Krebs cycles

Pyruvate Oxidation

Electron Transport Chain

Glycogenesis

Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain

B2 is important for the synthesis of what 3 things?

Niacin (B3), B6, and folate (B9)

What is a riboflavin deficiency called? What is the symptom that is unique to this condition?

Ariboflavinosis; Magenta tongue

Arboflavinosis is associate with symptoms in what 2 areas?

Mouth and eyes

What enzyme requires B2?

Dehydrogenases

B3 is made from what amino acid? What is required for its synthesis from this amino acid?

Tryptophan; B2, B6, and iron

What food sources can we get niacin from?

High protein foods and enriched grains

What are the 2 coenzyme forms of niacin and which form is associated with FA synthesis?

NAD+ and NADPH; NADPH

What are the 2 noncoenzyme functions of B3?

DNA repair and chromatin remodeling

Gout and hot flashes are associated with a _____________ (deficiency or toxicity) of _____________.

toxicity; Niacin (B3)

What is a deficiency in B3 called? What are its symptoms?

Pellagra; Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and death

Ariboflavinosis is a deficiency in _____ but can cause a secondary ______ deficiency.

B2 (riboflavin); B3 (niacin)

Pantothenic acid has what 2 functions?

CoA and Acyl Carrier protein (ACP)

What is ACP important for?

Fatty acid synthesis

What vitamin is found in a wide range of foods?

B5 (pantothenic acid)

What is a deficiency in B5 called?

Burning foot syndrome

What factors make B5 unstable?

Freezing and Heat

What is the coenzyme form of B6? What are its functions?

PLP; heme synthesis, AA metabolism, and glycogen degradation

What is the function of the noncoenzyme form of B6?

Gene expression

What are the food sources of B6?

Meats and enriched grains

What type of anemia is associated with a vitamin B6 deficiency?

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

What vitamin has neuropathy associated with both toxicity and deficiency?

B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)

What vitamin is found widely distributed in food and is found in the large intestine?

Biotin (B7)

What vitamin can be chelated by avidin (in egg whites)?

Biotin (B7)

What enzyme is biotin important for? What does it do?

Carboxylases; FA synthesis involving malonyl-CoA (commitment step)

What does the noncoenzyme form of B7 do?

Gene expression

What vitamin can interfere with lab results with supplementation? Which labs are affected?

Biotin (B7); thyroid and vitamin D

A B7 deficiency causes what?

Dermatitis, alopecia, anorexia, depression, ketoacidosis

Those born with a deficiency in _____________ have a biotin deficiency since they cannot _________ (digest or absorb) B7?

biotinidase; digest

What is the synthetic form of B9 and which is the natural form? Which requires digestion?

Synthetic = folic acid = no digestion

Natural = folate = digestion

What enzyme is used to digest folate? What mineral does it require?

Folate Hydrolase; Zinc

What are the 3 functions of B9?

DNA replication, methylation, and amino acid metabolism