BAROQUE ART

I HATE HONORS HUMANITES KILL ME NOW

Counterpoint definition

A compositional technique in music where two or more melodic lines are combined, each retaining its own identity, yet harmonically interdependent.

Oratorio definition

A large musical composition for orchestra, choir, and soloists, typically based on a religious theme, performed without costumes or staging.

Fugue definition

A complex musical form that features a main theme (subject) introduced and then developed through interwoven lines (voices) in a strict, structured manner.

Concerto definition

A musical composition usually composed of three movements, featuring a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra.

Cantata definition

A vocal composition with instrumental accompaniment, typically in several movements, often involving a choir.

Toccata definiton

A virtuosic piece of music, typically for a keyboard or plucked string instrument, characterized by fast-moving, lightly fingered or improvisatory passages.

Three ways the Catholic Church countered Reformation efforts?

1. The Council of Trent (1545–1563): Reaffirmed Catholic doctrines and addressed abuses in the Church.

2. Formation of the Jesuit Order (Society of Jesus): Focused on education, missionary work, and defending Catholic doctrine.

3. Baroque Art and Architecture: Used emotional, dramatic artistic expressions to inspire awe and reinforce Catholic beliefs.

What is chiaroscuro, and who owned this style?

Chiaroscuro is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark to give the illusion of volume in modeling three-dimensional objects and figures, and was used by Caravaggio.

Bernini’s accomplishments?

Designed St. Peter’s Square and the Baldacchino in St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, created The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa and Apollo and Daphne, and mastered architecture, sculpture, and theatrical set design, defining Baroque aesthetics.

What were the three strands contributing to Baroque art & chief agent?

1. The Catholic Church

2. Aristocracy/absolute monarchy

3. Bourgeoisie

Who was considered the most “versatile and varied” Baroque painter?

Peter Paul Rubens

For whom was the Palace of Versailles commissioned?

Louis XIV of France

What is Descartes most well-known for?

“Cogito, ergo sum” (“I think, therefore I am”) – a foundational element of modern Western philosophy.

Galileo proved the ideas of _____________ to be true.

Copernicus

Who was responsible for the “picturesque novel”?

Miguel de Cervantes, particularly with Don Quixote.

Who was known as the first modern proponent of materialism?

Thomas Hobbes

Characteristic: Rise of the Wealthy Bourgeoisie

The Milkmaid by Johannes Vermeer

Characteristic: Emphasis on Movement

Apollo and Daphne by Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Characteristic: Expression of Intense Emotion

The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa by Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Characteristic: Creation of New Artistic Forms

The Calling of Saint Matthew by Caravaggio

Characteristic: Aristocratic Splendor

Las Meninas by Diego Velázquez

Characteristic: Psychological Realism

The Denial of Saint Peter by Caravaggio

Characteristic: Counter-reformation/religious fever

The Conversion of Saint Paul by Caravaggio

Portrait of Louis XIV

Las Meninas

Peter Paul Rubens

Peter Paul Rubens

Woman Reading a Letter

Frans Hals

Rembrandt

Remb

Rembrandt