amstud p2 key terms/proper nouns quiz

corporate colonies

colonies operated by joint stock companies (such as jamestown)

royal colonies

colonies governed directly by the crown, typically with a governor appointed by the king. (such as virginia after 1624)

proprietary colonies

under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king (such as Maryland or Pennsylvania)

Jamestown (1607)

King James I chartered the Virginia Company (joint-stock) that founded the first colony of Jamestown. The colony managed to survive due to the development of tobacco

captain john smith

one of the first colonists and leaders of jamestown. said “he that will not work shall not eat.” He played a crucial role in the colony's survival and governance. He also established relationships with the Powhatan Confederacy, and had his life saved by Pocahontas.

headright system

virginia policy that provided 50 acres of land to any settler/person who paid for the passage of a settler (50 acres per head) to the colony in order to recruit white settlers.

Plymouth colony/separatists (pilgrims)

separatists wanted to organize a completely separate church independent of royal control. they left to holland in search of religious freedom but due to cultural differences they chose to go to Jamestown. they ended up in plymouth and made a new colony there with the help to american indians.

massachusettes bay colony/puritans

moderate dissenters, believed that the church of england needed to be reformed (or PURIFIED). they took a royal charter for the MA bay colony (1629)

john winthrop

led puritans to MA and founded Boston

great migration

name of the movement of 15,000 settlers from england to MA bay colony. (same name was used for the movement of african americans from southern to northern states in 20th century)

cecil calvert (lord baltimore)

lord baltimore the second. followed his father’s plan to provide haven for catholics facing persecution from protestants in Britain. He was under the king’s control as it was a proprietary colony

Maryland act of toleration

1649, calvert persuaded assembly to adopt these laws granting religious freedom to all christians, however it called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of jesus.

new england (region)

strong religious convictions, puritain leaders were intolerant of anyone who questioned their religious teachings, banishing dissidents from the bay colony.

roger williams

puritain minister who believed that individual’s conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. this view got him banished so he founded the community of Providence in 1636, where he started one of the first Baptist churches. This colony allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely and recognized the rights of american indians and paid them for use of their land In 1644 Roger Williams was granted a charter to join Providence and Portsmouth into the Colony of Rhode Island

anne hutchinson

Dissident who question the doctrines of Puritain authorities, believing in antinomianism (the idea that since individuals receive salvation through their faith alone, they were not required to follow traditional moral laws). She founded Portsmouth in 1638.

Halfway Covenant

To be a full member of a puritan congregation, individuals needed to have a confirmed religious experience, a conversion. But fewer members were having these experiences so they created

william penn

Son of the owner of Pennsylvania land (given to him by the royal family in payment for a debt). Hoped colony would be a refuge for Quakers and other persecuted groups. He enacted liberal ideas in government, with free worship and immigration policies. He also established a grid street pattern.

quakers

Group of Christians who believed religious authority was found within each person and not in the bible or any outside soruce. They supported equality among all men and women and rejected violence.

james oglethorpe

Founded Savannah in 1733, first governor of Georgia. He enacted strict regulations including bans on drinking rum and slavery. Gave up and was overtaken by British in 1752.

georgia

1732, the thirteenth and final colony. It was the only colony to receive direct financial support from the government, founded to protect south carolina plantations from the spanish florida and to have a place to send english imprisoned for debt. The colony didn’t prosper due to constant threats of Spanish attack. Taken over by British and made a royal colony in 1752, where all restrictions were dropped and it became a plantation colony

virginia house of burgesses

In 1619, Virginia colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, however it was dominated by elite planters.

mayflower compact

1620, signed document by the Pilgrims pledging to make decisions by the will of the majority. This was an early form of self-government and a basic written constitution

triangular trade

Three part route that connected North America (rum), Africa (slaves), and Europe (sugar).

mercantilism

economic theory that a country’s wealth was determined bby how much more it exported than imported. In this system colonies only existed to support/enrich the parent country.

navigation acts

mercanitlist policy between 1650-1673 establishing rules for colonial trade: trade to and from colonies could only be carried by english or colonial built ships and crews, all goods imported into colonies must pass through ports in england, and specified goods from the colonies could be exported to england only (this started with just tobacco then expanded further).

salutory neglect

from the 17th-18th century, Britain largely ignored the American colonies, allowing them to have self-government and economic freedom.

dominion of new england

In 1686, the new king (James II) combined NY, NJ, and some New England colonies into a larger administrative unit and got rid of representative assemblies by putting Sir Edmund Andros as governor to increase royal control.

glorius revolution

1688 uprising that succeeded and replaced king James II with William and Mary (put an end to Dominion of New England)

metacom's war (king phillip's war)

 In response to English settlers encroaching on Indian’s land, a chief of Wamponoag united many tribes in southern New England and fought English and a couple of tribes who supported the colonists due to rivalries. The colonial and Indian allies prevailed and ended most American Indian resistance in New England.

bacon’s rebellion

An impoverished farmer led a rebellion against Sir William Berkeley (royal governor of Virginia). In 1676, he led a series of raids and massacres against American Indian villages and burned the Jamestown settlement. He died, and Governor Berkeley suppressed the rest of the insurrection.

pueblo revolt (pope’s rebellion)

1680 rebellion, where various tribes united against the Spanish, driving them away until 1692. The Spanish regained control in 1692 but ruled less harshly.

indentured servants

people under contract with a landowner who paid for their passage, room and board, in exchange for work for a specific period of time (4-7 years).

first Great Awakening

from 1730s to 1740s, a series of religious revivals that emphasized personal, emotional (fervent), and evangelical forms of Protestantism and religious expression. Led by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

jonathan edwards

leader of the great awakening, congregational minister who gave the sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”

George Whitefield

spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies, stressing that god was all-powerful and would save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ. He taught that ordinary people with faith could understand the gospels without ministers to lead them.

old lights and new lights

conservative, traditional ministers who opposed the revivalist fervor, vs evangelicals who supported the emotional connection to faith.

ben franklin

popular, witty advice and political writer whose writings can be found in Poor Richard’s Almanack (later a leader in the Enlightenment)

phillis wheatley

an Enslaved African American who published a collection of poems in 1773, who was then freed.

john peter zenger

In 1735, this New York publisher was tried on a charge of criticizing New York’s royal governor. The jury acquitted (released) him, beginning the idea of freedom of the press and encouraging newspapers to criticize the government.

american enlightenment

An Intellectual European movement in literature and philosophy that emphasized the belief that reason could solve most of humanity's problems (not God), along with the ideas of liberty and individual rights.

john locke/natural rights

17th-century philosopher who was a major influence on the Enlightenment, he argued that people had rights just because they’re human and that sovereignty ultimately resides with the people rather than the state