unit 2 multicellular organisms - biology

multicellular organisms

Mitosis

When a cell divides

Where do the cells line up in mitosis

Equator

What pulls chromotids apart

Spindle fibres

two sets of chromosomes

Diploid

One set of matching chromosomes

Haploid

Unspecialised cells

Stem cells

A group of similar cells

Tissue

Step 1 of mitosis

Each chromosomes become an x shape consisting of 2 chromotids

Step 2 of mitosis

Chromosomes line up along the equator and spindle fibres attach

Step 3 of mitosis

The spindle fibres pull apart the chromosomes to opposite poles

Step 4 of mitosis

The nuclear membrane reforms

Step 5 mitosis

The cytoplasm divides two new identical daughter cells are formed with the same dna as the beginning cell

Cns

Brain and spinal cord

Cerbrum

Memory and muscle movement

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

Medulla

Breathing and heart rate

Stimulus

Something that activates a receptor

Electrical impulse

What signals travel along neurons

Synapse

A gap between two neurons that require a chemical signal to cross

Reflex

A response that is automatic to protect the body from harm

Reflex arc

Sensory neuron- inter neuron- motor neuron

What makes hormones

Endocrine glands

Hormones

Chemical messages

Target tissue

An organ with receptors that are specific to a certain hormone

Glucose

Sugar that’s transported in the blood

Insulin

Hormone that decreases blood sugar

Liver

Where glycogen is stored

Glucagon

A hormone that increases blood sugar

Pancreas

Organ that makes insulin

Glycogen

A carb made of lots if glucose

Where’s insulin and glucagon made

Pancreas

Gamete

Sex cell

Female gamete

Egg

Male gamete

Sperm

Male plant gamete

Pollen

What makes pollen

Anther

Where are sperm produced

Testes

Where are egg and ova produced

Ovary

Female plant gamete

Ova

variation

difference in species

discrete variation

distinct groups of measurements

continues variation

range of values in measurements

allele

different versions of the same gene

phenotype

the description “blue eyes’

genotype

the allele description “Bb”

dominant

an allele that will determine the phenotype

recessive

an allele that can be dominated by another

homozygous

both alleles are the same “BB”

heterozygous

both alleles are different “Bb”

P1

parent generation

F1

first generation

F2

second generation

xylem

tissue that transports water in plants

lignin

substance that stregthens the xylem

phloem

tissue that transports sugar in plants

stomata

structure that allows water to evaporate out the plant

guard cells

cells that control the opening and closing of stomata

transpiration

process of water moving through the plant

are xylem dead or living

dead

are phloem dead or living

living

step 1 of transpiration

water enters roots from soil by osmosis

step 2 of transpiration

water moves up the stem in xylem

step 3 of transpiration

water travels to the leaf through leaf vein

step 4 of transpiration

water evaporates through the stomata

what factors increase transpiration rates

wind speed, temp, surface area

what factors decrease transpiration rate

humidity

plasma

liquid that carries blood

red blood cells

blood cells that transport oxygen

biconcave

shape of a red blood cell

haemoglobin

protein in red blood cells

white blood cells

blood cells that destroy pathogens

phagocyte

white blood cell that engulfs pathegones

lymphocyte

white blood cell that makes antibodies

pathway of blood through the heart

vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body

what are coronray arteries

blood vessels that supply blood to the heart

how does biconcave shape help rbc

more surface area for oxygen

how does no nucleus help rbc

more space for oxygen

how do phagocytes he

detects, engulfs and digests pathogen

how do lymphocytes help

release antibodies that destroy pathogen

alveoli

air sacs in lungs

villi

folds in small intestine

lacteal

structure of villi that absorbs fatty acids and glycerol

capillaries

structure in villi that glucose and amino acids

how to villi help

increase surface area in intestine to allow more nutrients to be absorbed