Chapter 1: What is Biotechnology
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102 Terms
What is the definition of biotechnology?
A fusion of biology and technology. It is the tools to shape life.
What are three traditional Biotechnology products?
Yogurt, bread, cheese
What are two examples of modern biotechnology products?
Therapeutic drugs, enzymes in laundry detergent.
When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?
1976
When did early humans begin selectively breeding plants and livestock?
8000 BC
When was wine first invented?
4000 BC
Who developed brewing and cheesemaking? When?
The Sumerians and Egyptians at 2000 BC
What was the first antibiotic used? Which culture? When?
The Chinese used moldy soybean curds as an antibiotic during 500 BC.
Who developed the first smallpox vaccine when?
Edward Jenner in 1796.
Who discovered proteins?
Jons Jakob
When was the Origin of Species published?
1859
When was pasteurization first developed?
1861
When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?
1865
Who developed the first rabies vaccine? What year?
Louis Pasteur in 1885 developed first rabies vaccine.
When did the term “biotechnology” first appear in print?
1919
Who discovered penicillin? What year?
Alexander Fleming 1928
Who discovered DNA as the career of genetic information?
Oswald Avery
When was the double-helix structure of DNA discovered?
1953
When was mRNA discovered?
1961
When was the gene first completely synthesized?
1971
When was recombinant insulin produced? By which company?
1977 by Genentech
When was DNA fingerprinting first used?
1984
When were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?
1986
When was the Human Genome project first launched?
1990
What was the first cloned mammal? What year?
Dolly the Sheep in 1997
When was Golden Rice first developed?
1999
When was the Human genome project completed?
2003
When was the first HPV vaccine approved?
2003
When was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created?
2010
When was CRISPR-CAS9 used for gene editing?
2012
When were mRNA vaccines first used?
2021
What are the different sectors in biotechnology?
Medicine, Agriculture, Research, GMOs.
What are the key techniques in biotechnology?
Chromatography, gene transfer, protein purification.
What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?
Even though we can do something doesn't mean we should.
What are the tools in biotechnology?
Whole cells, DNA, RNA, proteins
What are two of the key instruments in biotechnology?
Spectrophotometers and PCR machines
What is chromatography?
Sort molecules
What is gene transfer?
The delivery system of genes between two different sets of genes.
What is protein purification?
Final product of Biotechnology.
What is a spectrophotometer?
Test light absorption to quantify DNA and Proteins via light
What is PCR
Amplifies DNA and is used in diagnostics?
What are the key concepts behind using biotechnology on national defense
Rapid identification, vaccines, and stockpiling therapeutics.
Which company was the founding biotechnology company.
Genentech
What is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries?
Biotech is biological drugs and Pharmaceutical is chemical drugs.
Who are the key users of biotechnology?
Healthcare, agricultures, forensics, national defense
What is genomics?
Study of entire genome
What is proteomics?
Study of all protein expression.
What is precision medicine?
Tailoring treatments to individual genetic profiles
What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?
Lab animal testing
What happens during phase I clinical trials.
tens of volunteers to test drug safety.
What happens during phase II clinical trials?
Hundreds of volunteers to test drug efficacy.
What happens during phase III clinical trials?
Thousands of volunteers to confirm results.
What are the four common hazards in a lab?
Chemical, biological, physical, and fire-related.
What does OSHA recommend to ensure safety?
Initial and recurring training and PPE.
What must initial and recurring training cover?
equipment, location, safe handling, and emergency responses.
What is PPE?
Personal protective equipment.
When should PPE be worn?
All times in lab.
What is eye protection?
goggles, splash guards, UV face shields.
What is hand protection?
latex/nitrile gloves based on hazard type.
What are body/foot protection?
lab coats, closed toe shoes required.
What is the MSDS?
Material Data Sheets: instruction manual on how to use materials.
When should fume hoods be used?
When handling volatile or hazardous substances.
What are Biosafety levels?
Labs are categorized from BSL-1 (least dangerous) to BSL-4 (Most dangerous)
What is BSL-1?
Used for non-disease-causing organisms; basic PPE
What is BSL-2?
Moderate hazards; requires access restriction, signage, biological safety cabinets for aerosols.
What is BSL-3 and BSL-4
High level pathogens; rare, require advanced safety and isolation.
How should microorganisms be disposed?
autoclaving or 10% bleach soak
What tools measure volume?
Graduated cyninders, volumetric flask, pipettes
What tools measure mass
Ananlutical balances
What is normal body temp.
37 C
What is normal room temp?
22 C
What are pH meters.
Measure pH meters with electrodes.
How should glassware be cleaned?
autoclaves
What is an autoclave?
A machine that uses high pressurized steam to penatrates and denature proteins.
What are the different methods for disinfection?
10% bleack soak, 70% ethanol, UV light, filtration at 0.22 um.
What is the purpose of a lab notebook?
Documents purpose, methods, results, and conclusions of lab. Also counts as legal records for intellectual property in the U.S.
What are SI units,
Grams, liters, degress Celsius.
What is the dilution formula?
C1V1=C2V2