United States History II - End of Course Assessment Study Guide

Flashcards covering major topics in United States History II, including Reconstruction, the Gilded Age, the Progressive Era, Imperialism, WWI, the Roaring Twenties, the Great Depression, WWII, the Cold War, and the Civil Rights Movement.

What years did the Civil War start and end?

1861-1865

Name the two presidents who wanted the southern states to return to the Union as quickly as possible after the Civil War.

Lincoln and Andrew Johnson

What were the Black Codes and why were they enacted?

Created after the Civil War to limit the rights of African-Americans (e.g., can’t vote, own land, or serve on a jury).

What were the Jim Crow laws?

1870s-1960s laws that enforced 'separate but equal' status.

Did President Lincoln and Johnson want the re-admittance of the Southern states to the Union to be easy or hard? Why?

Easy- with malice towards none and charity for all- forgiveness not punishment towards the South

What is a poll tax? Grandfather clause? Why were they created?

Pay tax to vote, if your grandfather could not vote before the Civil War, you can’t either- so that African-Americans. Can’t vote

What did the Freedmen’s Bureau do?

Helped former slaves and poor whites by giving food, shelter, medicine and helped freed slaves adjust into society

What president was impeached in the 1860’s and found not guilty by one vote?

Andrew Johnson

What is a carpetbagger?

Term used by Southerners referring to ppl from the North who moved South

What “compromise “ended Reconstruction in the South?

Compromise of 1877- Hayes (R) elected President if he appoints one Democrat into his cabinet

What did the Supreme Court case “Plessy v. Ferguson” establish in 1896?

Made separate but equal legal

What does the term “Gilded Age” mean?

Mark Twain- looks good on the outside but corrupt on inside

After the Civil War, how did businesses leaders use monopolies?

Little to no competition, buy out or bankrupt competitors

The main purpose of anti-trust legislation was to (increase/decrease) competition in business.

Increase

What was nativism in the late 19th century?

Anti-immigration out of fear of immigrants refusing to assimilate

What was Social Darwinism?

Survival of fittest- strongest businesses will survive

Define laissez fair.

Supply and demand determines price, government not involved

How did rail roads contribute to the industrial revolution in the US?

Transportation faster, ship more goods, helps N win Civil War

Who developed the assembly line for industry(telephone)?

Henry Ford

Who invented the light bulb?

Thomas Edison

Define horizontal integration.

making $ by buying finished product (cookies from Kroger)

Define vertical integration.

buy what you need to make product (flour, choc, chips, etc.)

What did the Homestead Act offer people?

Gov. gives ppl tracts of land, in return for them living and working the land for 5 years

What was the Populist Party?

Common man, farmers, wanted public ownership of RR’s

Where European immigrants coming to the US have to come through for inspections? Asian immigrants?

Ellis Island/ Angel Island

What is a muckraker?

This 'group' used articles and books to raise awareness of social problems in the early 20th century.

Who wrote The Jungle and what did it focus on?

Upton Sinclair/ conditions in meatpacking industry

The Progressives supported the initiative, referendum and recall. What were these designed to do?

Initiative- citizens can propose and pass law without state legislature approval Referendum- laws can be placed on a ballot for approval or rejection Recall- voters can remove elected official before term expires

Why was the Federal Reserve created?

To Oversees the lending between banks and consumers, lends $ to troubled banks, sets interest rates

What was W.E.B. DuBois known for?

Civil rights activists and NAACP. Booker T. Washington? Washington- Tuskegee Institute

What was yellow journalism and how did it play a part in the Spanish American War?

Exaggerated form of reporting used to gain support for Cuba in Spain-America. War

What war lasted only 3 months but helped shift the US into a foreign policy of imperialism?

Spain. American. War

Who was the Secretary of the Navy in the late 1800’s that resigned to form to Rough Riders and went on to become the first Progressive president?

Teddy Roosevelt

What was the Big Stick policy and what president did it belong to?

Thedore. Roosevelt- speak softly and carry a big stick- use force when necessary

Why did the US support Panama’s rebellion against Columbia?

So we can build our canal

In the 1890’s, the US military supported the overthrow of a native queen. Where did this happen and why?

Hawaii- she was trying to give power back to native ppl, which takes power away from US sugar planters

What are the causes of WWI (ANIMALZ)?

Aassassinaltion of Franz Ferdinand Nnationalism Iimperialism Mmilitarism Aalliances LLusitania is sunk Zzimmerman note- Germany asks Mexico to side with Germany if US enters war

WWI alliances: Who belonged to the Central Powers and who was a member of the Allies?

Central Powers- Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria- Hungary Allies- France, Britain, Italy, Russia and eventually US

When was the start and end of WWI? What year did the US get involved?

1914-1919/ 1917

What was the foreign policy that Woodrow Wilson advocated?

Moral Diplomacy- spread democracy

What did President Wilson want his 14th and most important of his “Fourteen Points” to create?

League of Nations- settle disagreements peacefully

Why did Germany develop hostilities towards the Allies after the Treaty of Versailles?

1. Pay war reparations 2. Give back land/reduce military 3. Take responsibility for war

Why did the US Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles?

League of Nations- afraid it might get US involved in more wars

Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?

Italian immigrants accused of murdering 2 Americans, executed, controversial bc little evidence to prove they did it

What was the Kellogg Briand Act about?

Agreement between countries saying they would settle issues peacefully before it resulted in war

What were some of the ways that girls of the 1920’s shunned traditional culture?

Cut hair, shortened dresses, got jobs, smoked, “flappers”

What was the Scopes Trial about in 1925?

Teaching evolution in schools illegal, John Scopes- taught evolution in school in TN and was put on trial

What happened on Black Tuesday in October 1929?

Stock market crash, start of Great Depression 1930s

What are 5 causes of the Great Depression?

Stock market crash, overproduction, under consumption, bank closures and high tariffs

Who was President when the Great Depression began?

Hoover

Who was elected President in 1932, and again in 1936, 1940 and 1944?

FDR

What was FDR’s plan to get the US out of the Great Depression called, what were some of its programs?

New Deal- AAA, FHA, TVA, CCC

What were the 5 causes of WWII?

Anger over Treaty of Versailles (Germany hostile), aggression by Italy and Germany, failure of Allies/League of Nations to stand up to aggression, appeasement, Pearl Harbor

Why is September 1, 1939 significant?

Germany invades Poland, start of WWII in Europe

On what date did Pearl Harbor get attacked by the Japanese?

Dec. 7, 1941

The development of what top secret weapon was known as the Manhattan Project?

Atomic bomb

Did WWII end in Europe or Japan first?

Europe

Unlike after WWI, after WWII returning soldiers were given unemployment benefits, college funds and housing loans. All of these fell under what federal legislation?

G.I. Bill

In the late 1940s, what was the international organization that was created to work on world peace, security and the respect for human rights?

United Nations

In the Cold War, what two countries were the major players?

United States and Soviet Union

What are the two major aspects of the Cold War?

1. Stop spread of communism 2. Arms race- who can have the most nuclear weapons

Who was the President at the start and end of the Cold War?

Start- Truman (1945) End- Reagan (1990’s)

This idea was advocated by Harry Truman and George Kennan, they did not communism to spread to any other countries.

Containment

What were the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan?

Truman Doctrine- give aid to any country fighting off communism Marshall Plan- give $ to countries needing help recovering from WWII as long as $ is spent of US goods

What was the outcome of the Korean and Vietnam War?

Korean- N: Communist, S: Democratic, divided at 38th parallel/ Vietnam- fell to communism

Explain the domino theory.

Idea that if Vietnam fell to communism, so would rest of the S. Asia

What country “fell” to communism in 1949?

China

What country developed their own atomic bomb in 1949?

Soviet Union

East Germany and East Berlin were controlled by whom? What type of government did they institute?

Soviet Union, Communist

West Germany and West Berlin were controlled by which superpower? Government?

United States, Democracy

Who was President when the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and instituted the Marshall Plan?

Truman

Who was the President when the Berlin Wall was built and during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

JFK

Who was the President during the Korean War and while McCarthyism was going so strong?

Truman

The anti-communist scare that was prevalent in the 1950s was named after a senator that was falsely accusing people of either being communist or having communist sympathies.

McCarthyism

What was the Tet Offensive that occurred during Vietnam and how did it change to opinion of Americans towards the war and the US government?

Vietnam 1968, N. V. launched surprise attack on S.V. during Chinese new year festivities (Tet) when was supposed to be a cease-fire

Briefly describe the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Soviets place missiles in Cuba, US sends spy planes over Cuba and sees launching pads aimed at US, JFK threatens to invade Cuba so Soviets remove missiles. Closest US and Soviets get to actual war

Describe the Emmet Till case. When did it occur?

14 year old Af. Am. Boy was murdered after supposedly flirting with a married white woman. The woman’s husband murdered Emmett and tossed the body in a river. He was acquitted but later admitted to the murder, but was protected under double jeopardy

What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott and how long did it last? Who became the leader of the movement?

1955-56, Af. Am. Boycotted buses in Montgomery after Rosa Parks situation. Eventually boycott works and segregation ended on Montgomery buses. Martin Luther King Jr. became leader of the movement.

Who were the Little Rock Nine?

9 African-American. Students who attended Central High School in Little Rock, AK had military bodyguards to protect them from harassment from white students

Why did President Eisenhower send in federal troops to Little Rock, AK?

Bc governor of AK sent out National Guard to prevent integration, Eisenhower sends federal troops to keep order and enforce integration

Where did the lunch counter sit-ins get their big start?

Greensboro, NC- 1960

Describe the Freedom Rides.

1961- CORE activist’s tests whether or not segregation has ended on interstate highways in the south (was made illegal). Face harassment and violence entire way

Civil Rights Act of 1964- what did it guarantee?

Bans discrimination based on sex, race, religion, or national origin

Voting Rights Act of 1965- what did it do?

outlaws literacy tests and other tactics used to prevent Af. Am. From voting

Who was assassinated in Memphis, TN in April of 1968?

Martin Luther King, Jr.

13th Amendment

1865- abolition of slavery

14th Amendment

1868- anyone born in US is a citizen under the law

15th Amendment

1870- gave African Am. MEN right to vote

16th Amendment

1913- income tax

17th Amendment

1913- direct election of Senators

18th Amendment

1919- Prohibition! Repealed in 1933 (21st amendment)

19th Amendment

1920- women can vote!!!!

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896- declares “separate but equal” legal under the law

Roe v. Wade

1973- gives women the right to abortion

Marbury v. Madison

1803- established judicial review (checks and balances)

Korematsu v. United States

1944- declares that gov. has the right to keep Japanese Americans in internment camps

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819- gov. can’t tax federal property (Bank of United States)

Dred Scott v. Sandford

1857- formers slaves do NOT become citizens or “free” when taken into “free” states

Brown v. Board of Education

Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson; Desegregated public schools

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan for Reconstructing requiring an oath of loyalty from 10% of former confederate state populations