Zoology Final

What does evolution require?

variation + inheritance + selection

What is the suffix for an infratribe?

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What is the ICBN?

International Commission for Botanical Nomenclature

Which protist is commonly viewed in classrooms?

_Paramecium_caudatum_

Paramecium caudatum

Which protist attacks macrophages?

_Leishmania_major_

Leishmania major

What are we actually seeing when viewing protists from Superphylum Stramenopila?

siliacious test

What protists used to be grouped in Phylum "Sarcodina"?

amoebas

The scales of a snake and the feathers of a bird are a

homology

• different structures that come from a shared evolution

What was not accepted by society in Darwin's book?

the branching pattern that proposed the idea that we all came from a common ancestor

Which level on the hierarchy of life is defined by longitude and latitude?

biomes

Give an example of how a population would form

a big river, a mountain forming, etc.

What are communities based on?

Plant life

What three words describe the most inclusive set in the hierarchy of life?

Non-living, non-physical, and conceptual

Name an organism in the least diverse phylum that we cover in class

Echinodermata: Sea star/urchin /cucumber/crinoid/ brittle star

<1%

Diversity is a measure of

variation

A species name is

Binomial

How is a paraphyletic group represented?

Quotation marks

“Protista”

When was Systema Naturae published?

1758

Name the prefixes in order of most inclusive to least inclusive

Supra, Super — Sub, Infra

What does the ICNB stand for?

International Code for Nomenclature of Bacteria

What chemical was used to eradicate malaria?

DDT

What did Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek call the organisms he discovered?

“Animalcules”

Which Protists have a siliceous test?

Superphylum Stramenopila

What is the animal suffix for subtribe?

- ina

What would it be called if the “average joe” was preyed upon more often?

Disruptive natural selection

Ernst Haeckel supported who?

Charles Darwin

Phylogenies are based on _______?

• cladogram (branching diagram)

Homologies

• different structures that come from a shared evolution (scales & feathers)

How many descendants are left out in a monophyletic group?

0

What is the condition called when a character state moves from a 0 to a 1?

Apomorphy/derived

• moves from primitive (0) to derived (1)

Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe

Microanatomy 

• (which is commonly referred to as the layers of teeth)

Who realized protozoans were unicellular?

Hooke

What kingdoms are more closely related to Superphylums Alveolata and Parabasalida?

Animalia and Fungi

Give the exemplar species of the most diverse superphylum

Navicula sp.

• diatoms

Name the two basic characteristics of Kingdom “Protozoa”

Unicellular and true nucleus

What is the synapomorphy of Superphylum Parabasalida?

Axostyle

What is the exemplar species of an amoeba with lobopodium

Amoeba proteus/_Amoeba_proteus_

• pseudopodia - simple shape

In which host would you find gametes of Plasmodium vivax?

The mosquito 

Why was DDT discontinued?

Bird eggs breaking

• couldn’t survive incubation w/out being crushed

How many college students will deal with a parabasalid?

Why is “Trich” often spread unnoticeably?

1 in 8

Males do not feel the axostyle. 

Give me the species name that causes a disease that has become a meme due to the Oregon Trail game

Dysentery, Entamoeba histolytica

_Entamoeba_histolytica_

What is the important landmark called that is made out of granulireticulosans?

White Cliffs of Dover

• foraminiferans

• calcium carbonate (chalk) - CaCO3

Trypanosoma cruzi

• vector: kissing bug

• kills: ~45,000/yr

• attacks: muscle cells

• disease: chagas disease

Trypanosoma brucei

• vector: tsetse fly

• >5,000/yr

• attacks: nervous system

• disease: sleeping sickness

Giardia lamblia

• vector: still water

• kills: not usually fatal

• attacks: intestine lining - prevents the host from absorbing water/nutrients

• disease: beaver fever

Leishmania major

• vector: sandfly

• kills: ~60,000/yr

• attacks: macrophages

• disease: leishmaniasis

Plasmodium vivax/falciparium

• vector: mosquito

• kills: 1,000,000+/yr

• attacks: red blood cells

• disease: malaria

Robert Hooke

Realized that protozoans were UNICELLULAR

Developed CELLULAR THEORY OF LIFE (all life composed of cells + most basic unit of life)

Animalcules

“animalcules” (small animals – small moving organisms in pond water)

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

Later protozoa (proto=1^st, zo=animal)

Volvox globator

Synapomorphies: have BOTH chlorophyll A & B

Colonial w/ daughter cells

Photoautotrophic

Habitat: freshwater/marine

Superphylum Viridiplantae (virid=bright green)

Superphylum Alveolata

Synapomorphies: presence of sac/alveolus (alveol=sac)

Kingdom “Protozoa”

Habitat: free living & motile – some parasitic

Most are primary consumers

Paramecium caudatum + Ceratium hirundinella, Plasmodium vivax/falciparum

Parsimony

Solution to a character evolution that produces the EASIEST solution (fewest #s) & least amount of HOMOPLASY/REVERSAL

Phylum Cnidaria

Sea anemones, jellyfish, corals

<1%

Directional natural selection

Selection of 1 extreme trait over another in a population

Ernst Haeckel

Supported natural selection (Charles Darwin)

Tree of life

Biome

Determined by the amount of sunlight and latitude/longitude

Most inclusive level

Wet, dry, tropical, temperate, polar

Conceptual, non-physical, non-living

Arctictis binturong

Scientific name for bearcat

ICZN

Governing body for rules of zoology nomenclature

The “code”

International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature

Established 1995

Filopodia

Type of false feet belonging to amoebas (pseudopodia)

Branched appearance – DOES NOT CONNECT

Planktonic

Can move but water current decides movement

Phylum “Porifera”

sponges

1%

Phylum Platyhelminthes

flatworms, flukes, & tapeworms

2%

Phylum Annelida

earthworms & leeches

1%

Phylum Molluska

snails, clams, oysters, squids, octopuses

6%

Phylum Nematoda

round worms

4%

Phylum Arthropoda

insects, crustaceans, & spiders

80%

Phylum Chordata

vertebrates, sea squirts, & lancets

Linnean hierarchy

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Modified Linnean

Domain

Kingdom

Sub-kingdom

Division

Phylum

Sub-phylum

Supra-class

Super-class

Class

Sub-class

Infra-class

Order

Sub-order

Super-order

Super-family

Family

Sub-family

Tribe

Genus

Species

Sub-species

Hierarchy to Know

Domain - Daring

Kingdom - Knights

Division - Defeat

Phylum - Powerful

Class - Creatures

Order - On

Family - Fearless

Tribe - Treasure

Genus - Gathering

Species - Shit

Sub-species - Safely

Stability natural selection

selection of average/intermediate traits in a population

Disruptive natural selection

selection of both extreme traits in a population

Analogy

features that serve a similar function

• lungs & gills

Homoplasy

features that look alike but may/may not function the same

• dorsal fins & sails

Superphylum Stramenopila (stra=straw)

diatoms & brown/yellow algae

Superphylum Viridiplantae

green algae & plant-like protists

Superphylum Parabasalida

no common name

Superphylum Alveolata

animal-like protists

Reticulopodium

• type of pseudopodia

• reticul = net

• net like - branched & connected

Axopodium

• type of pseudopodia

• thin extensions that are supported by microtubules

Plasmodium life cycle

1. mosquito ingests gametocyte

2. gametocyte undergoes meiosis → gametes

3. gametes fuse to form zygotes

4. zygote encysts & produces sporozoites

5. sporozoites injected into human

6. sporozoites invade liver & RBC’s → become merozoites

7. merozoites w/ infection differentiate into gametocytes

8. cycle begins again

Euplectella aspergillum

Venus' Flower Basket

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Porifera

Class: Hexactinellida

Order: Lyssacinosida

Family: Euplectellidae

Subfamily: Euplectellinae

Genus: Euplectella

Sycon ciliatum

Purse Sponge

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Porifera

Class: Calcarea

Order: Leucosolenida

Family: Sycettidae

Genus: Sycon

Spongilla argyrosperma

FRESHWATER SPONGE

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Porifera

Class: Demospongiae

Order: Spongillida

Family: Spongillidae

Metridium farcimen

White/Giant Plumed Anemone

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hexacorallia

Order: Actiniaria

Family: Metridiidae

Genus: Metridium

Aurelia aurita

Moon Jelly

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Scyphozoa

Order: Semaeostomeae

Family: Ulmaridae

Genus: Aurelia

Chironex fleckeri

Box Jelly

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Cubozoa

Order: Chirodropida

Family: Chirodropidae

Genus: Chironex

Hydra canadensis

Hydra

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

Order: Anthoathecata

Family: Hydridae

Genus: Hydra

Physalia physalis

Portuguese Man O War

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

Order: Siphonophorae

Suborder: Cystonectae

Family: Physaliidae

Genus: Physalia

Pikaia

chordate ancestor

middle cambrian

Hallucigenia

drawn upside down, has spines to protect itself - thought they were legs

cambrian

Wiwaxia

early annelid with protective spikes

early-mid cambrian

Anomalocaris

early large arthropod, predators

cambrian

Fractofusus

early form of fan coral

edicarian era

Elysia chlorotica

autotrophic Florida sea slug

What cell is specialized for stinging?

Cnidocyte

Epidermis is lined with:

stratified squamous

If a polyp has nematocysts on the body, what else can you assume about the species?

siphonoglyph

Why is it that mesoglea is better developed in medusa than in polyps?

medusas require a thicker and more substantial mesoglea to act as a hydrostatic skeleton, supporting their body shape and enabling movement

Which of the epithelia would likely be found in the lining of an expandable pouch of a stink bug?

pseudostratified columnar