Studied by 27 people
Central City
a legally incorporated, self-governing “municipality”
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) includes
Urbanized Area
The county in which the city is located
The surrounding counties that have:
Population densities of at least 25 persons/mile2
50% of the population commutes to the city’s county
Megalopolis
A collection of overlapping or adjacent MSAs. (Boswash)
Central Business District (CBD)
compact, center of a city that is near the original settlement site
Public services in the CBD
Government Offices:
city hall
court buildings
libraries
This is the legacy of the older, original settlement
PAST Consumer Services in the CBD
Retailers with High Thresholds and Ranges
Central Location made the CBD the logical location, but...
Retailers have since moved to the suburbs with the population
Department Stores:
Dayton’s: Minneapolis
Marshall Fields: Chicago
PRESENT Consumer Services in the CBD (Retailers Serving CBD Workers)
Lunch restaurants and coffee shops: Starbucks
Office supplies: FedEx-Kinkos, couriers
PRESENT Consumer Services in the CBD (Entertainment Venues)
Clubs, restaurants, taverns: First Avenue
Theaters: The Ordway, The State Theater
Professional Sports Arenas: Target Field, Excel Center
Museums: MN Science Museum, Minneapolis Institute of Art
Business Services in CBD
Most in CBDs work with Government
Lawyers work with the courts
Media outlets report government/court decisions
Advertisers need to be close to media outlets
Why is there competition for space in CBDs? Why are the land/rent prices so high?
The central location of the CBD make it a desirable location. But the competition also make the land prices and rents very high.
Manufacturing
In the 20th century, factories moved to where land prices are cheaper
Old CBD factories have been repurposed for a variety of uses
Residents
20th century: most people moved to suburbs:
Cheaper land, larger homes, private yards
21st century: people without kids return to CBDs
The Vertical CBD
Land price mean that building are taller
Includes “underground” cities:
garages, loading docks, utilities
CBD skylines are distinctive, unlike suburbs
Three Different Basic Models
Concentric Zone Model
Sector Model
Multiple Nuclei and Galactic Models
Social Analysis (what it does)
Data analysis to determine the locations of:
Different ages of development
Higher and lower Incomes
Concentrations of different ethnic groups
Data is taken from Census Tracts of approximately 5,000 people
Concentric Zone Model Structure
City grows outward from the CBD in rings
Sector Model Structure
Specific types of develop expand out from the CBD in “corridors.”
Multiple Nuclei model structure
Cities grow around many “nodes” of activity.
Different “nodes” attract different types of development
Modified Multiple Nuclei Model: Galactic Model
CBD surrounded by large are of suburbs bound by a “ring road.”
Edge Cities: “nodes” of development are located on the “ring.”
Why do the three models not work well in Europe?
European cities predate the automobile. They are “walking” cities.
Cities in Europe: residents
more people live in CBDs
Cities in Europe: consumer services
far more consumer services in CBDs
Cities in Europe: public services
large investments in public services (transportation)
Cities in Europe: business services
fewer business located in skyscrapers.
Cities in Europe: transportation
Heavy investments in public transportation
Concentric Zone Models in LDCs
Three CBDs
colonial
traditional
periodic market
Where is the Concentric Zone Model common in?
Africa
The Sector Model in LDCs
The CBD has both modern and traditional elements
Modern CBD
Traditional CBD or Mall
Commercial Spine
Commercial Spine connects the CBD to the Mall
Disamenity Sectors
No city services
Possibly controlled by gangs
Where is Sector Model common in?
Latin America
The Multiple Nuclei Model in LDCs
Similar to the Latin America Model, but with more middle class zones
Focal Point is a port
No true CBD, but there are zones that appear as CBDs
Government Zone
Western Zone
Alien Zone (China)
Where is the Multiple Nuclei Model common in?
Asia
Suburb
An urban residential/commercial area located outside the central city.
How do cities grow?
through annexation of land
Why was annexation desirable (past)?
Americans wanted to be annexed to access to city services
Why is annexation no longer desirable (present)?
Americans want to organize their own services because they don’t want to pay the city for them.
What does the suburbs offer that CBD’s cannot?
Single family home
Space
In 1950, what percent of Americans lived in the suburbs?
20%
In 1960, what percent of Americans lived in the suburbs?
33%
In 2000, what percent of Americans lived in the suburbs?
60%
(suburban) sprawl
Development at relatively low densities or noncontiguous development
What are the Costs of Suburban Sprawl?
Connecting sprawl to existing utilities and roads.
Lost farm lands
what type of settlement increased rapidly after World War II when returning GIs married, had several children (the baby boomer generation), and needed decent housing?
suburbs
density gradient
Geographic phenomenon where the number of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the center city increases
what are the two changes have flattened the Density Gradient in recent years?
Fewer people live in the CBD
More people live in Suburbs
smart growth
Legislation and regulations that limit suburban growth and preserve farmland
“open space”
“green space”
Residential Segregation
House of similar size and cost are grouped together, built for people of a single social class
Commercial segregation
residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing that are confined to a distinct area
What to zoning ordinances do?
protect the housing homogeneity and may mandate
House size
Lot size
Price of homes
Ordinances discourage lower income families entry by pricing of homes
suburban consumer services (past)
Small shops were located in CBD to support residents
People walked to consumer services
What is the social analysis for Concentric Zone Model?
Newer housing is located further away from the CBD
What kind of settlements is surrounding the CBDs in Concentric Zone Model? (LDCs)
squatter settlements
What is the social analysis of the Sector Model
Sectors are organized by income of residents.
What is the social analysis of the Multiple Nuclei Model and Galatic Model?
Different ethnicities gravitate to different “nodes.”
edge cities
“nodes” of development are located on the “ring.”
suburban consumer services (present)
Small shops are NOT located in suburban housing developments
Shopping Malls now supply consumer services on cheap suburban land
People drive to consumer services
(Market) Segmentation
people that live in the same area want same products
Suburban Business Services
Offices and factories move to the suburbs where land prices are cheap.
Potential workforce
Lower wage workers don’t live in the suburbs
Lower wage workers may not have transportation
Transportation in Suburbs: Automobiles
Suburbs grew as sales of automobiles grew
Personal transport allows people to live beyond the reach of public transport
Costs of Suburbs
Land needed to build freeways
Land needed for parking lots
Wasted fuel in traffic
Air pollution and CO2
Rain water run-off
Public Transportation Challenges in the US
Central Place Theory: the range is low, but the threshold is high
Automobile is still cheaper
Inner City Social Issues
Employment opportunities moves out of the inner city
Tax-base decreases
Declining Government assistance
Inner City Social Issues: Employment opportunities moves out of the inner city
Underclass: people trapped in cycle of poverty in inner city
High unemployment
Crime and/or drug use
underclass
people trapped in cycle of poverty in inner city
Inner City Social Issues: Tax-base decreases
Public institutions are chronically underfunded (schools)
Poor access to ALL services (consumer, public, and business)
Higher birth rates and teenage pregnancies
Higher death rates
food desert
area in which it is difficult to buy fresh food.
Inner City Social Issues: Declining Government assistance
Reduction of services
Raise taxes
Process of Deterioration
Filtering:
Large older homes are subdivided into apartments
Maintenance of properties is more difficult
Property values decline
Urban Renewal
Demolition of older neighborhoods for modern construction
Targets low-income neighborhoods
public housing
Public housing
Government owned/managed housing
Priced for low-income families
Government assistance for low-income families
Gentrification
Renovation of inner-city structures for middle class tastes
Attracted by proximity to work and services, style of home
Displaces low-income families and alters ethnic patterns
Land prices are increased by “middle-class tastes.”
Results in the homogenization of the landscape
The Great Migration
Economic Interregional Migration
The mechanization of agricultural eliminated the need for many farmers
African Americans migrate from the rural south to the urban north
White Flight
As African Americans move from the rural South to the urban North, whites move from the CBD to suburbs.
Blockbusting
Unscrupulous real estate agents encouraged white homeowner to sell their urban homes and property.
Redlining
Institutional racism embedded in the banking system restricted African Americans to specific neighborhoods; literally drawing red lines on maps.
Real Estate Covenants
A provision, or promise, contained in the deed to land. Many covenants contain language that prohibit the sale of the property to people of color.
New Urbanism
Development that creates neighborhoods that promotes a sense of community
Includes a central shopping district surrounded by residences
Emphasis on diversity in housing and employment
How does the New Urbanism counter Urban Sprawl?
Walkable communities
Less dependent on automobiles
Take up less space than traditional suburbs
census tracts
An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.
Social Analysis (definition)
Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area
informal settlement (aka squatter settlements)
a residential area where housing has been built on land to which the occupants have no legal claim
urbanized area
at least 50,000 inhabitants
urban cluster
10,000-50,0000 inhabitants
urban area
A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core
“Cities grow around many, different “nodes” of activity which attract different types of development” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?
Multiple Nuclei
Galactic Model is also known as…?
Peripheral Model
Who made the concentric zone model?
Ernest Burgess
Who made the sector model?
Homer Hoyt
Who made the Multiple Nuclei model?
Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman
Who made the Galactic Model (or the modified version of multiple nuclei)?
Chauncey Harris
“Edge Cities act as “nodes” of development that are located on a transportation ring” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?
Galactic Model
“City grows outward from the CBD in rings” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?
Concentric Zone
“Specific types of develop expand out from the CBD in “corridors.”” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?
Sector Model
“CBD surrounded by large are of suburbs bound by a “ring road.”” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?
Galactic
“Typically there are three CBDs: colonial, traditional and periodic market” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?
Concentric
“Focal point is a port” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?
Multiple Nuclei
“Contains disamenity sectors where no city services exist.” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?
Sector
“No true CBD, but there are zones that appear as CBDs like, a Government Zone, a Western Zone, or an Alien Zone” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?
Multiple Nuclei
“Typically contains a "commercial spine." Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?
Sector
“Surrounded by barriadas, favelas, bidonvilles, bastees, gecekondu, kampongs, or barong-barong depending on the region” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?
Concentric
Who made the Sector Model? (LDCs version)
Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford
Note
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