AP Human Geography Chapter 13 (UNIT 5 TEST)

Central City

a legally incorporated, self-governing “municipality”

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) includes

• Urbanized Area

• The county in which the city is located

• The surrounding counties that have:

  • Population densities of at least 25 persons/mile²

  • 50% of the population commutes to the city’s county

Megalopolis

A collection of overlapping or adjacent MSAs. (Boswash)

Central Business District (CBD)

compact, center of a city that is near the original settlement site

Public services in the CBD

• Government Offices:

  • city hall

  • court buildings

  • libraries

• This is the legacy of the older, original settlement

PAST Consumer Services in the CBD

• Retailers with High Thresholds and Ranges

  • Central Location made the CBD the logical location, but...

  • Retailers have since moved to the suburbs with the population

  • Department Stores:

    • Dayton’s: Minneapolis

    • Marshall Fields: Chicago

PRESENT Consumer Services in the CBD (Retailers Serving CBD Workers)

• Lunch restaurants and coffee shops: Starbucks

• Office supplies: FedEx-Kinkos, couriers

PRESENT Consumer Services in the CBD (Entertainment Venues)

• Clubs, restaurants, taverns: First Avenue

• Theaters: The Ordway, The State Theater

• Professional Sports Arenas: Target Field, Excel Center

• Museums: MN Science Museum, Minneapolis Institute of Art

Business Services in CBD

• Most in CBDs work with Government

  • Lawyers work with the courts

  • Media outlets report government/court decisions

  • Advertisers need to be close to media outlets

Why is there competition for space in CBDs? Why are the land/rent prices so high?

The central location of the CBD make it a desirable location.  But the competition also make the land prices and rents very high.

Manufacturing

• In the 20th century, factories moved to where land prices are cheaper

• Old CBD factories have been repurposed for a variety of uses

Residents

• 20th century: most people moved to suburbs:

  • Cheaper land, larger homes, private yards

• 21st century: people without kids return to CBDs

The Vertical CBD

• Land price mean that building are taller

• Includes “underground” cities:

  • garages, loading docks, utilities

• CBD skylines are distinctive, unlike suburbs

Three Different Basic Models

• Concentric Zone Model

• Sector Model

• Multiple Nuclei and Galactic Models

Social Analysis (what it does)

• Data analysis to determine the locations of:

  • Different ages of development

  • Higher and lower Incomes

  • Concentrations of different ethnic groups

• Data is taken from Census Tracts of approximately 5,000 people

Concentric Zone Model Structure

• City grows outward from the CBD in rings

Sector Model Structure

• Specific types of develop expand out from the CBD in “corridors.”

Multiple Nuclei model structure

• Cities grow around many “nodes” of activity.

• Different “nodes” attract different types of development

Modified Multiple Nuclei Model: Galactic Model

• CBD surrounded by large are of suburbs bound by a “ring road.”

• Edge Cities: “nodes” of development are located on the “ring.”

Why do the three models not work well in Europe?

European cities predate the automobile.  They are “walking” cities.

Cities in Europe: residents

more people live in CBDs

Cities in Europe: consumer services

far more consumer services in CBDs

Cities in Europe: public services

large investments in public services (transportation)

Cities in Europe: business services

fewer business located in skyscrapers.

Cities in Europe: transportation

Heavy investments in public transportation

Concentric Zone Models in LDCs

Three CBDs

• colonial

• traditional

• periodic market

Where is the Concentric Zone Model common in?

Africa

The Sector Model in LDCs

• The CBD has both modern and traditional elements

  • Modern CBD

  • Traditional CBD or Mall 

  • Commercial Spine

    • Commercial Spine connects the CBD to the Mall

• Disamenity Sectors

  • No city services

  • Possibly controlled by gangs

Where is Sector Model common in?

Latin America

The Multiple Nuclei Model in LDCs

• Similar to the Latin America Model, but with more middle class zones

• Focal Point is a port

• No true CBD, but there are zones that appear as CBDs

  • Government Zone

  • Western Zone

  • Alien Zone (China)

Where is the Multiple Nuclei Model common in?

Asia

Suburb

An urban residential/commercial area located outside the central city.

How do cities grow?

through annexation of land

Why was annexation desirable (past)?

Americans wanted to be annexed to access to city services

Why is annexation no longer desirable (present)?

Americans want to organize their own services because they don’t want to pay the city for them.

What does the suburbs offer that CBD’s cannot?

• Single family home

• Space

In 1950, what percent of Americans lived in the suburbs?

20%

In 1960, what percent of Americans lived in the suburbs?

33%

In 2000, what percent of Americans lived in the suburbs?

60%

(suburban) sprawl

Development at relatively low densities or noncontiguous development

What are the Costs of Suburban Sprawl?

• Connecting sprawl to existing utilities and roads.

• Lost farm lands

what type of settlement increased rapidly after World War II when returning GIs married, had several children (the baby boomer generation), and needed decent housing?

suburbs

density gradient

Geographic phenomenon where the number of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the center city increases

what are the two changes have flattened the Density Gradient in recent years?

• Fewer people live in the CBD

• More people live in Suburbs

smart growth

Legislation and regulations that limit suburban growth and preserve farmland

• “open space”

• “green space”

Residential Segregation

House of similar size and cost are grouped together, built for people of a single social class

Commercial segregation

residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing that are confined to a distinct area

What to zoning ordinances do?

• protect the housing homogeneity and may mandate

  • House size

  • Lot size

  • Price of homes

• Ordinances discourage lower income families entry by pricing of homes

suburban consumer services (past)

• Small shops were located in CBD to support residents

• People walked to consumer services

What is the social analysis for Concentric Zone Model?

Newer housing is located further away from the CBD

What kind of settlements is surrounding the CBDs in Concentric Zone Model? (LDCs)

squatter settlements

What is the social analysis of the Sector Model

Sectors are organized by income of residents.

What is the social analysis of the Multiple Nuclei Model and Galatic Model?

Different ethnicities gravitate to different “nodes.”

edge cities

“nodes” of development are located on the “ring.”

suburban consumer services (present)

• Small shops are NOT located in suburban housing developments

• Shopping Malls now supply consumer services on cheap suburban land

• People drive to consumer services

(Market) Segmentation

people that live in the same area want same products

Suburban Business Services

• Offices and factories move to the suburbs where land prices are cheap.

• Potential workforce

  • Lower wage workers don’t live in the suburbs

  • Lower wage workers may not have transportation

Transportation in Suburbs: Automobiles

• Suburbs grew as sales of automobiles grew

• Personal transport allows people to live beyond the reach of public transport

Costs of Suburbs

• Land needed to build freeways

• Land needed for parking lots

• Wasted fuel in traffic

• Air pollution and CO₂

• Rain water run-off

Public Transportation Challenges in the US

• Central Place Theory: the range is low, but the threshold is high

• Automobile is still cheaper

Inner City Social Issues

• Employment opportunities moves out of the inner city

• Tax-base decreases

• Declining Government assistance

Inner City Social Issues: Employment opportunities moves out of the inner city

• Underclass: people trapped in cycle of poverty in inner city

• High unemployment

• Crime and/or drug use

underclass

people trapped in cycle of poverty in inner city

Inner City Social Issues: Tax-base decreases

• Public institutions are chronically underfunded (schools)

• Poor access to ALL services (consumer, public, and business)

  • Higher birth rates and teenage pregnancies

  • Higher death rates

food desert

area in which it is difficult to buy fresh food.

Inner City Social Issues: Declining Government assistance

• Reduction of services

• Raise taxes

Process of Deterioration

• Filtering:

  • Large older homes are subdivided into apartments

  • Maintenance of properties is more difficult

  • Property values decline

Urban Renewal

• Demolition of older neighborhoods for modern construction

• Targets low-income neighborhoods

• public housing

Public housing

Government owned/managed housing

• Priced for low-income families

• Government assistance for low-income families

Gentrification

Renovation of inner-city structures for middle class tastes

• Attracted by proximity to work and services, style of home

• Displaces low-income families and alters ethnic patterns

• Land prices are increased by “middle-class tastes.”  

• Results in the homogenization of the landscape

The Great Migration

Economic Interregional Migration

• The mechanization of agricultural eliminated the need for many farmers

• African Americans migrate from the rural south to the urban north

White Flight

As African Americans move from the rural South to the urban North, whites move from the CBD to suburbs.

Blockbusting

Unscrupulous real estate agents encouraged white homeowner to sell their urban homes and property.

Redlining

Institutional racism embedded in the banking system restricted African Americans to specific neighborhoods; literally drawing red lines on maps.

Real Estate Covenants

A provision, or promise, contained in the deed to land.  Many covenants contain language that prohibit the sale of the property to people of color.

New Urbanism

• Development that creates neighborhoods that promotes a sense of community

• Includes a central shopping district surrounded by residences

• Emphasis on diversity in housing and employment

How does the New Urbanism counter Urban Sprawl?

• Walkable communities

• Less dependent on automobiles

• Take up less space than traditional suburbs

census tracts

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.

Social Analysis (definition)

Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area

informal settlement (aka squatter settlements)

a residential area where housing has been built on land to which the occupants have no legal claim

urbanized area

at least 50,000 inhabitants

urban cluster

10,000-50,0000 inhabitants

urban area

A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core

“Cities grow around many, different “nodes” of activity which attract different types of development” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?

Multiple Nuclei

Galactic Model is also known as…?

Peripheral Model

Who made the concentric zone model?

Ernest Burgess

Who made the sector model?

Homer Hoyt

Who made the Multiple Nuclei model?

Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman

Who made the Galactic Model (or the modified version of multiple nuclei)?

Chauncey Harris

“Edge Cities act as “nodes” of development that are located on a transportation ring” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?

Galactic Model

“City grows outward from the CBD in rings” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?

Concentric Zone

“Specific types of develop expand out from the CBD in “corridors.”” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?

Sector Model

“CBD surrounded by large are of suburbs bound by a “ring road.”” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?

Galactic

“Typically there are three CBDs: colonial, traditional and periodic market” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?

Concentric

“Focal point is a port” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?

Multiple Nuclei

“Contains disamenity sectors where no city services exist.” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?

Sector

“No true CBD, but there are zones that appear as CBDs like, a Government Zone, a Western Zone, or an Alien Zone” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?

Multiple Nuclei

“Typically contains a "commercial spine." Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?

Sector

“Surrounded by barriadas, favelas, bidonvilles, bastees, gecekondu, kampongs, or barong-barong depending on the region” Is this Concentric, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, or Galactic Model?

Concentric

Who made the Sector Model? (LDCs version)

Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford