Human Bio Y9 T2

made for human bio test in perth mod at y9 t2 wk9 2026

Movement

ability of an organism or part of it to change position

Respiration

chemical process in cells that releases energy from food

Sensitivity

ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment

Growth

permanent increase in size or number of cells

Reproduction

process of producing offspring

Excretion

removal of metabolic waste produced by the body

Nutrition

taking in and using nutrients for energy, growth and repair

Vertebrate

animal with a backbone

Mammal

vertebrate with hair or fur that feeds milk to its young

Primate

mammal with forward

Unicellular organism

organism made of one cell that carries out all life processes in that single cell

Multicellular organism

organism made of many specialised cells that work together

Cell

basic unit of life

Tissue

group of similar cells working together

Organ

structure made of different tissues working together

Organ system

group of organs working together to carry out a major body function

(Directional term) superior

toward the head or upper part of the body

(Directional term) inferior

toward the feet or lower part of the body

(Directional term) anterior

toward the front of the body

(Directional term) posterior

toward the back of the body

(Directional term) medial

toward the midline of the body

(Directional term) lateral

away from the midline of the body

(Directional term) proximal

closer to the trunk or point of attachment

(Directional term) distal

farther from the trunk or point of attachment

Diffusion

movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration without energy

Facilitated diffusion

movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration through membrane proteins without energy

Osmosis

movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration

Active transport

movement of substances from low concentration to high concentration using energy

Endocytosis

process where a cell takes material in by engulfing it with the cell membrane

Exocytosis

process where a cell releases material when vesicles fuse with the cell membrane

Concentration gradient

difference in concentration between two areas

Partially permeable membrane

membrane that allows some substances to pass through but not others

Hypotonic solution

solution with higher water concentration than the cell so water enters the cell

Hypertonic solution

solution with lower water concentration than the cell so water leaves the cell

Isotonic solution

solution with equal water concentration to the cell so there is no net movement of water

Turgid

swollen state of a plant cell after gaining water

Plasmolysed

state of a plant cell when the membrane pulls away from the cell wall after water loss

Homeostasis

maintenance of a stable internal environment

Importance of homeostasis

keeps conditions suitable for cells and enzymes so the organism can survive

Stimulus

change in the internal or external environment

Receptor

cell or organ that detects a stimulus

Control centre

organ or system that processes information and decides on a response

Effector

muscle or gland that carries out the response

Feedback loop

system where a change triggers responses that affect that change

Negative feedback

response that reverses a change and returns conditions toward the normal range

Positive feedback

response that increases a change instead of reversing it

Thermoregulation

control of body temperature

Normal body temperature

about 37 degrees Celsius

Hot conditions response

sweating and vasodilation increase heat loss to lower body temperature

Cold conditions response

shivering and vasoconstriction reduce heat loss and raise body temperature

Vasodilation

widening of blood vessels near the skin to increase heat loss

Vasoconstriction

narrowing of blood vessels near the skin to reduce heat loss

Shivering

rapid muscle contractions that produce heat

Sweating

release of sweat that cools the body as it evaporates

Fever

rise in body temperature set point during infection to help fight pathogens

Fever regulation

body may shiver to reach the new higher set point during fever

Blood glucose homeostasis

regulation of blood sugar to keep it within a safe range

Insulin

hormone from the pancreas that lowers blood glucose by helping cells absorb glucose and encouraging storage as glycogen

Glucagon

hormone from the pancreas that raises blood glucose by causing glycogen to break down into glucose

Glycogen

stored form of glucose in liver and muscle cells

High blood glucose response

pancreas releases insulin so cells take up glucose and the liver stores excess as glycogen

Low blood glucose response

pancreas releases glucagon so the liver releases glucose into the blood

Water homeostasis

regulation of water balance in the body to keep the blood and cells at the right concentration

ADH

antidiuretic hormone that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys so less water is lost in urine

Type 1 diabetes

disorder in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin

Type 2 diabetes

disorder in which body cells do not respond properly to insulin

Excretion

removal of metabolic waste products from the body

Elimination

removal of undigested food from the digestive tract as faeces

Metabolic waste

waste made by chemical reactions in the body

Carbon dioxide excretion

carbon dioxide is excreted by the lungs

Water excretion

water is excreted by the kidneys, lungs and skin

Salts excretion

salts are excreted by the kidneys and skin

Urea

nitrogen

Excretory system

body system that removes metabolic wastes and helps maintain homeostasis

Urinary system organs

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra and urinary opening

Kidney

bean

Ureter

tube that carries urine from a kidney to the bladder

Urinary bladder

muscular sac in the pelvis that stores urine

Urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Urinary opening

external opening where urine leaves the body

Function of kidneys

filter blood, remove wastes and adjust water, salt and acid

Blood pressure role of kidneys

kidneys help control blood volume and salt balance, which affects blood pressure

pH role of kidneys

kidneys help maintain acid

Nephron

microscopic functional unit of the kidney that makes urine

Glomerulus

ball of capillaries where filtration of blood begins

Bowman's capsule

cup

Proximal convoluted tubule

nephron section where much water, glucose, amino acids and salts are reabsorbed

Loop of Henle

nephron section that helps concentrate urine by reabsorbing water and salts

Distal convoluted tubule

nephron section where further ion balance and secretion occur

Collecting duct

nephron tube that collects urine and reabsorbs water under hormonal control

Filtration in the kidney

process where small molecules are forced from blood into the nephron at the glomerulus

Reabsorption in the kidney

process where useful substances move from the nephron back into the blood

Secretion in the kidney

process where extra wastes or ions move from blood into the nephron

Why an excretory system is necessary

without it, toxic wastes build up and water, salt and pH balance would be lost

Central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

Sensory division of PNS

carries information from receptors to the CNS

Motor division of PNS

carries commands from the CNS to muscles and glands

Somatic nervous system

part of the motor division that controls voluntary actions

Autonomic nervous system

part of the motor division that controls involuntary actions