APHG: Unit 2: Population and Migration

Transhumance

the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle

Dependency ratio

the proportion of a population that is considered dependent (non-working age groups) compared to the working-age population

Arithmetic Density

total number of people divided by the total land area

Pronatalist Policy

Made to encourage population growth

physiological density

the number of people per unit area of arable land

total population/total arable land

agricultural density

the number of FARMERS per unit of arable land

Total amount of FARMERS/Total arable land

population pyramid

a bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

rate of natural increase

the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

doubling time

the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

DTM

The process of changing in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population

Stage 1: Very high CBR, CDR, NIR Stage 2: Still high CBR & NIR rapidly declining CDR Stage 3: Rapid declining CBR, moderate declining CDR, moderate NIR Stage 4: Very low CBR, low/slightly increasing CDR, 0/- NIR Stage 5 (possible): very low CBR, increasing CDR, declining NIR

EXAMPLES: 1: no countries 2: sub-saharan africa, afghanistan, guatemala 3: mexico, india, kenya 4: US, canada, australia 5: japan, germany, ukraine

Epidemiological Transition

the process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Malthusian Theory

that the amount of food and resources will be smaller than the total population needs, leading to famine and disease

Antinatalist policies

Government policies that discourage population growth, such as implementing birth control measures or imposing penalties for having too many children

push factors

factors that compel people to leave their current location, such as poverty, political instability, or natural disasters

pull factors

factors that attract people to a new location, such as job opportunities, better living conditions, or political stability

chain migration

migration that occurs when one person or a small group of people migrate to a new location, and their family or community members follow them later

step migration

migration that occurs in stages, with individuals or families moving from one location to another gradually

guest worker migration

migration that occurs when individuals temporarily move to another country to work and then return to their own country

ecumene

the portion of Earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement