Intro to Animal Science Exam 1

What services must approve other countries for import of animal products?

APHIS, USDA, FSIS

The largest producer and consumer of beef

USA

Top suppliers of imported beef

Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Mexico

USA ranking for pork production and consumption

Third

Top producer and consumer of pork

China

Top sheep/lamb producers

China, Europe, Australia

Top goat meat producer

China

What percent of the US lives on a farm?

2%

What is a Positive Agricultural Trade Balance?

When the country sells more food and fiber than it imports

KY ranking for beef cows

17

KY ranking for dairy cows

27

KY ranking for poultry and eggs

16

KY ranking for hogs

17

KY ranking for sheep/lambs

29

KY ranking for goats (meat)

7

KY ranking for goats (dairy)

19

KY ranking for horse sales

1

Where does KY rank nationally for total agricultural exports?

20

KY top agriculture sales

1. Grain

2. Poultry and eggs

3. Cattle and calves

4. Horses

5. Cow milk

6. Tobacco

KY ranking for number of farms

6

Average size of a farm in KY

179 acres

How much of KY’s 25.4 mil acres is farmland?

50%

What kinds of farms dominate KY agriculture?

small family farms

agriculture

the production of food, fiber, or other plant or animal products

Domestication

adapting the behavior of animals to fit the needs of humans

Livestock

domestic farm animals kept for productive purposes (eg: meat, wool)

Market Animal

livestock bred and raised for food consumption

Sustainable agriculture

production of plant or animal products using site-specific application that lasts over the long term

Regenerative agriculture

a farming approach that aims to support conservation and rehabilitation; focuses on topsoil regeneration, increased biodiversity, improving the water cycle, and strengthening the health and vitality of farm soil

Organic farming

a farming system that strives for sustainability and enhancement while prohibiting synthetic pesticides, antibiotics, fertilizers, GMOs, and growth hormones

replacement animal

young females kept or purchased to add to the breeding herd

Stocking rate

the number of animals that can be kept on a certain amount of land to maintain consistent productivity

What increases demand for animal products?

Human population growth and increasing income

Most demand comes from

developing countries

Top factors that affect animal food product consumption in a region

1. Economic status of the people

2. Rising population pressures

3. Religious and ethical reasons

4. Agricultural technology available

To keep pace with demand, agriculture needs to

double animal output by 2050

What things help us to increase agricultural productivity?

1. Energy intensive mechanization

2. fertilizer

3. pesticides

4. genetic selection

5. increased efficiency of production and management

6. biotechnology

What factors limit production numbers in countries around the world?

1. Environmental stresses

2. Disease challenges

3. Lack of access to technology

4. Different objectives of livestock producers

Ethology

the scientific and objective study of animal behavior usually with a focus on behavior under natural conditions

Normal behavior

1. Aggression

2. Routines

3. Nutrition

4. Sexual Behavior

5. Maternal Behavior

6. Teaching & Learning

Food and water intake can be affected by

1. influence of herd or flock behavior

2. palatability

3. environment

4. hormones

5. meal patterns

What time span is most important for mother-offspring bonding?

24-48 hours after birth

classical conditioning

natural behavior trained to a non-related stimulus (Pavlov)

Habitual learning

repetition

Operant/instrumental conditioning

responding based on reinforcement (positive or negative)

Imprint learning

taught by mother/each other

Climatic stress

long-time meteorological factors; temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, wind, humidity

Nutritional stresses

stress related to the quantity and quality of available food

What part of tropics are majorly used for agriculture?

sub-humid tropics

What is the best climate for agriculture?

temperate

Internal stresses

pathogens, toxins, and other stresses that affect an animal by gaining entrance to the body

Geographical stresses

non-climatic stresses associated with geographic locations; altitude and terrain

Social stresses

stresses associated with the interactions of an animal with other animals/humans

Signs of injury/infection

Depression, lethargic, away from herd, reluctance to move/lameness/weakness

Animals in labor will

separate from the herd

Heavy lactation strain can cause

weight loss, hair/wool loss, slowing of milk production

Temperament is

a combination of genetics and environment; fearfulness

Novelty

anything new or sudden in an animal’s environment

sight restrictions

lower stress levels

Depth perception in livestock is

poor

Most livestock have ____ vision

dichromatic

High contrast of shadows

alarms livestock

Flight zone

the area surrounding an animal that, when encroached upon, will cause alarm and escape behavior

Point of balance is at

the animals’ shoulder

Animal’s have a natural tendency to ____ around a handler

circle

What kind of sides are recommended for chutes and pens?

solid

Maximum recommended steepness

20 degrees