HTH 100 Exam 3

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

describes diseases of the heart and blood vessels, such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, stroke, and congenital defects 

What is the leading cause of globate deaths and a major cause of health loss in all regions of the world?

CVD - mainly ischemic heart disease and stroke

Ideal cardiovascular health (ICH)

the absence of clinical indicators of CVD and the presence of certain behaviors and health metrics:

Behaviors of ICH

• not smoking

• sufficient physical activity

• a healthy diet

• an appropriate energy balance and normal body weight

Health factors of ICH

• optimal total cholesterol without medication

• optimal blood pressure without medication

• optimal fasting blood glucose without medication

Cardiovascular system

the heart is a 4 chambered pump

The atria

the upper chambers where blood if collected from the rest of the body - receive blood

The ventricles

the two lower chambers where the blood is pumped out to body

Arterioles

branches of arteries

Arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from heart except for pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood to lungs

Capillaries

even smaller blood vessels, have thin walls that permit exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste product with body cells

Venules

small blood vessels that carry blood from capillary beds into larger veins

Veins

vessels that carry blood back to the heart from other regions of the body

Hypertension

• sustained elevated blood pressure (high blood pressure/BP)

• persons weight, age, physical condition can have an impact on their blood pressure

Systolic pressure

• working pressure of heart when it contracts

• top number when taking blood pressure

Diastolic pressure

• measures amount of pressure maintained in arteries during hearts relaxation period

• bottom number when taking blood pressure

Atherosclerosis

• characterized by deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of the artery 

• buildup causes arteries to clog

Hyperlipidemia

• abnormally high blood lipid level

• key factor in Atherosclerosis

Arrhythmias

irregularities in heart rhythm

Tachycardia

a racing heartbeat in the absence of exercise or anxiety

Bradycardia

abnormally slow heartbeat

Fibrillation

a sporadic heartbeat with a quivering pattern

Myocardial infarction (MI) - heart attack

the blood supply to the heart is disrupted

Coronary thrombosis

caused by a blood clot in the coronary artery

Embolus (CHD)

occurs when the blood clot is dislodged and moved through the circulatory system

Collateral circulation

an alternative or collateral route of blood flow that develops when blockage of the heart is minor

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

includes myocardial infarction, coronary thrombosis, embolus, and collateral circulation

Stroke

• occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted

• blood vessel disorders = a cause

Thrombus

stationary blood clot

Embolus (stroke)

free-flowing clot

aneurysm

building or burst blood vessel

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

brief interruption of the blood supply that causes temporary impairment, may be felt as a sudden numbness or weakness in face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body

How to diagnose a stroke

F - facial drop or numbness

A - arm weakness or numbness

S - speech difficulty

T - time to call for help

Cancer

large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

Neoplasm

a new growth o tissue that serves no physiological function and results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development

Tumor

a neoplasm mass (club) that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue

Malignant

very dangerous or harmful, refers to a cancerous tumor

Benign

Harmless, refers to a noncancerous tumor

Biopsy

microscopic examination of tissue to determine whether a cancer is present

Metastasis

the process by which cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the body

Mutant cells

cells that differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells

Center staging

• a classification system that describe how far a persons disease has advanced

• can assist provides and patients on deciding the appropriate treatment methods

• stages based on side of tumor, penetration depth, number of affected lymph nodes, degree of metastasis 

5 stages of cancer

0 - early cancer, when abnormal cells remain only in the place they originated 

I - higher numbers indicate more extensive disease

II, III - larger tumor size and/or spread of cancer beyond organ it first developed to nearby lymph nodes and/or organs adjacent to location of primary tumor

IV - cancer has spread to other organs

Genetic and physiological risks to cancer

• certain cancers have strong hereditary correlations

• breast, stomach, colon, prostate, uterine, ovarian, and lung cancer appear to run in families

• reproductive and hormonal factors have been researched and linked to increase in breast and cervical cancer

• inflammation linked to several types of cancer: cause cellular mutations, environmental factors weaken the immune system and disrupt the normal microbiome

Carcinomas

• epithelial tissues or tissues covering most body surfaced and lining most body cavities

• skin, lungs, breast, pancreas, and other organs and glands

Sarcomas

• occur in the mesodermal or middle layers of the tissue, such as bones, muscles, and general connective tissues

• bones, muscles, blood vessels

Lymphomas

• develop in the lymphatic system or infection-fighting regions of the body

• Hodgkin’s disease

Leukemias

• cancers of the blood-forming tissues of the body, especially the bone marrow and spleen

• bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen

Addiction

a treatable chronic disease involving complex interactions between individuals brain, genetics, environment, and life experiences

How does addiction/dependance develop?

• addiction can my physiological dependence or psychological dependence

• involves disruption of brain system related to reward, motivation, and memory

• mood altering substances and experiences produce tolerance, where body requires more of the substance or activity to gain the desired effect

Environmental factors for addiction

• ready access to substance or experience

• abusive or neglectful home environment

• peer norms

• membership in oppressed or marginalized group

• chronic or acute stressors 

Psychological factors for addiction

• low self esteem

• external locks of control (looking outside oneself for solutions)

• passivity

• PTSD - victims of abuse or other trauma

Biological factors for addiction

• unusual early response to the substance or experience

• attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other learning disabilities

• biologically based modo disorders

• addiction among biological family members

Five common characteristics or components to the cycle of addiction

• compulsion

• loss of control

• negative consequences

• denial

• inability to abstain

Compulsion

characterized by obsession which is an excessive preoccupation with the behavior

Loss of control

the inability to predict reliably whether the behavior will be damaging or not - thus the tendency to overdo is prevalent

Negative consequences

included physical harm, financial and/or legal trouble, academic failure, and family dissolution

Denial

the inability to recognize that the behavior is destructive

Inability to abstain

from the dependance even though one knows the behavior or substance is harmful

Process addictions

whether chemical, or behavior cause a reward for the brain and are mood altering, any behavior can create a reward system that the brain craves

Common process addictions

• technology (social media)

• gambling

• compulsive buying

• exercise

• work behaviors 

Gabling in college students

• characteristic behaviors include preoccupation with gambling, inability to cut back or quit when feeling distressed, lying to family members and friends when confronted

• people also experience physical withdrawal such as depression, craving, insomnia, anxiety, sweating, headaches, and altered heart snd breathing rates

Compulsive buying disorder

• prevalent to more developed counties

• chopping to relieve stress, anxiety, and unpleasant emotions

• with online shopping, buyers can attain anonymity and province, leading to increase in amount of spending

• easily tempted by ads, and buy without thinking

• often things bough are useless or left unused 

Exercise addiction

• people who suffer ignore injuries and continue behavior

• can be couples with eating disorders, emotional stress, other addictive behaviors

Work addiction

• work long hours but do not have sense of control at work

• sacrifice relationships, their health, rarely get other tasks done as they are always working

Drugs

• substances other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the mind or body through chemical action

• prescription medications, over the counter, alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, heroin, methamphetamine

How drugs affect the brain

• brain is wired to repeat pleasurable experiences

• life-sustaining activities activate a pleasure circuit of nerve cells - one nerve cell set uses dopamine and sits at the top of the brain stem in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Pleasure circuit

• mesolimbic dopamine system

• al addictive drugs activate this and addiction alters the way the pleasure center and other parts of the brain function

Psychoactive drugs

affects chemical neurotransmission, either enhancing it, suppressing it, or interfering with it

Oral ingestion

intake of drugs through the mouth

Inhalation

through the respiratory tract

Injection

intravenous - into bloodstream

intra muscular - into muscle

subcutaneous - just inter the skin

Transdermal

through the skin - including mucosal membranes (snorting)

Suppositories

through the vagina or anus

Polydrug use

taking several substances simultaneously

Cross-fading

• consuming alcohol and cannabis at the same time

• effects felt may be different and/or more intense than using one substance alone

What is the mix of alcohol and energy drinks?

depressant and stimulant

Over the counter drugs (OTC)

• high doses can cause hallucinations, bizarre sleep patters, mood changes, and sometimes death

• those most vulnerable to abusing OTC drugs are teenagers, young adults, and people over 65

Caffeine pills and energy drinks

caffeine in large doses can result in tremors/shaking, restlessness, edginess, insomnia, dehydration, panic attacks, heart irregularities

Cold medicines

• Robitussin, Vicks, and NyQuill

• Dextromethorphan (DXM) can cause hallucinations, loss of motor control, and out-of-body sensations 

Pseudoephedrine

cold and allergy medication ingredient that his used in the illegal manufacture of methamphetamine

Weight loss supplements

• contains stimulants such as caffeine

• marketed as dietary supplements, rather than drugs, manufacturers may make unsubstantiated claims of effectiveness or can use untested or unsafe ingredients

Sleep aids

• Excedrin PM, Sominex, Unisom, Tylenol PM

• can cause problems with the sleep cycle and even include narcolepsy in some cases

Cannabinoids

derived from cannabis plant, which is made up of over 100 components

Most widely used federally illegal drug in US

marijuana

CBD (cannabidiol)

non-intoxicating and non-euphoric - used more for medicinal purposes

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)

main psychoactive compound - responsible for the “high” people associate with cannabis

Delta-8

synthesized for recreational THC products at state level

Delta-9

naturally occuring

Delta-10

hybrid strand that combines Delta-8 and Delta-9

Ways to consume cannabis

• smoking

• eating/drinking

• transdermal

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

ratio of alcohol in a persons blood by weight

What does BAC affected by/depends on?

• affected by body weight, percentage of body fat, and sex

• depends on balance of alcohol absorbed and rate of metabolism

Rate of metabolism varies among individuals by:

• genetic factors

• drinking behavior

Alcohol intake and blood alcohol concentration is not affected by:

• breathing deeply, eating, drinking, coffee, taking other drugs, or sleep

People who drink frequently metabolize alcohol at a more rapid rate than nondrinkers

True

Standard drink size

• what the body can metabolize in one hour

• contains 0.6 ounces of pure alcohol

Proof Value

two times the percentage concentration - a 100-proof beverage contains 50% alcohol by volume

Drinking culture

the attitudes and behaviors that groups of people promote in terms of alcohol consumption