Genetic Outcomes and Mendel's Laws Study Guide

Flashcards summarizing key concepts in genetic outcomes and Mendel's laws from the study guide.

Sex-linked disease

A disease where the gene responsible is located on the sex chromosomes, specifically X and Y.

Pedigree

A chart that shows the pattern of inheritance throughout several generations of a particular family.

Heterozygous

An individual that possesses two different alleles for a trait.

Carrier

An individual that possesses an allele for a trait that is not expressed.

Genotype of colorblind male

Xey.

Genotype for pea plants cross

The potential offspring genotypes from a white flower (pp) and purple flower (PP) cross is 4 Pp.

Phenotypes from pea plant cross

The resulting phenotypes from the pea plants will be purple.

Dominant allele expression

In Mendelian inheritance with a heterozygous individual, only the dominant allele is expressed.

Inheritance

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

Testcross

A cross used to determine the genotype of an individual.

Homozygous recessive

The genotype that must be included in a testcross for it to work successfully.

Offspring evidence in testcross

The genotype of the offspring provides evidence of the parent's genotype.

Genotype definition

The inherited combination of alleles in an organism for a specific trait.

Rolling tongue genotype

If two individuals who can roll their tongue (R) have a child who cannot, both parents are likely heterozygous (Rr).

Gray offspring fraction from mice

75% of their children will be gray.

Sex-linked condition

A condition that affects mostly males.

Incomplete dominance

A form of inheritance where the resulting offspring are a blend of parental traits, such as all pink flowers from red and white flowers.

Codominance

A pattern of inheritance where both traits appear in the offspring, such as red and white striped offspring.

Male on a pedigree

Indicated by a square.

Affected individual on a pedigree

Represented by a shaded symbol.

New line on a pedigree

Indicates a new generation.

Homozygous

An organism with identical alleles for a trait.

Heterozygous

An organism with two different alleles for a trait.

Genetic pedigree uses

Geneticists can use pedigrees to determine the environmental effects on trait expression, potential carriers of genetic disorders, gene frequency, and gene position.

Gamete allele combinations

For an organism with genotype DdGg, potential gamete combinations include DG.

Homozygous recessive genotype examples

An example could include rrss.

Sickle cell anemia inheritance

Occurs when an individual receives a recessive allele from each parent.

Blood type determination

Blood type is determined by multiple alleles.

Genotype and phenotype from pink flower cross

The cross of pink snapdragon flowers results in 1 RR, 2 RW, and 1 WW genotypes, yielding 1 red, 2 pink, and 1 white phenotype.

Recessive condition ratio from pea plant cross

The ratio showing the recessive condition of both traits from a cross of heterozygous plants is 1/16.

Nondisjunction condition

Trisomy occurs if nondisjunction happens during meiosis.