BIO207 - Umich Microbio Exam 2 Flashcards

Mostly terms and specific proteins

2-oxoglutarate

(4C) Can be added to with ammonium (NH4+) during Nitrogen assimilation to make glutamate. Also, the final byproduct of glucose oxidation in the krebs cycle, where it releases 1 NADH and 1 ATP when produced and is recombined with an acetyl-CoA to make the new citrate.

Glutamate

The middle step of nitrogen assimilation, made from 1 ammonium and 1 2-oxoglutarate. Can be used as an amine and carbon skeleton for amino acids, or is used to assimilate another ammonium to make glutamine

Glutamine

The final main step of nitrogen assimilation, made from a glutamate and ammonium, this can also be used as an amine and carbon skeleton for amino acids.

Ribulose

The 5 Carbon Base used to conduct the carbon cycle. 3 Ribulose with 3 CO2 carboxylate to make 3 6C sugars which are then split by the enzyme rubisco to get 3 3C PGA

G3P

The final resulting molecule from the Calvin cycle. Is produced from the reduction of PGA in the second step of the cycle which costs 6ATP and 6 NADPH for 6 G3P. Out of the 6, 1 will go on to be ~half a glucose, while the other 5 will reform the 5C ribulose 5-P to go through the cycle again (which costs 3 ATP)

Components of the Photolytic ETC

4 parts:

1) Light harvesting to gather the energy

2) Electron Separator to convert it to chemical energy

3) ETC to extract the energy

4) Final energy carriers

Components of the ETC

1) Initial Substrate (oxidoreductase or dehydrogenase)

2) Motive electron carrier (quinone pool)

3) Terminal electron acceptor

Proton Motive Force

The use of protons built up against their electric(Δψ) and pH (ΔpH) gradients to fuel cell processes. (Ex. Flagella movement, ADP→ ATP via ATP synthase). The use of concentration gradients to fuel chemical processes is known as chemiosmotic theory.

Pyruvate

About ½ of glucose, is made by oxidation of glucose and forms Acetyl-CoA and NADH (from NAD+), a process which is suppressed by its products or a lack of oxygen and carbon.

Acetyl-CoA and the Oxidation of Glucose (Krebs Cycle?)

The main input into the oxidation of glucose, combines with (4C) oxaloacetate to make 6C citrate. Then, that makes NADH and CO2 when transformed into (5C) 2-oxoglutarate. That produces 1 more NADH, FADH2, and CO2 when transformed into (4C) succinyl-CoA, which finally releases 1 more ATP and NADH to make (4C) oxaloacetate.

Overall, the initial glucose to pyruvate makes 2 NADH and 2ATP(Costs 2 and makes 4), 2NADH are made by 2 Pyruvate to 2 Acetyl-CoA, and 2 Acetyl-CoA make a total of 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP through the Krebs Cycle, releasing a total of arguably 38 ATP after the products go through the ETC

Catabolism Of Glucose

1) Fermentation, uses recycling of NAD+ and NADH to continuously partially break down glucose (releasing 2 ATP), then using the 2 pyruvate→ 2 lactate to regenerate NAD+

2)Respiration, completely breaks down glucose molecules using an ETC and uses a terminal acceptor to take the final electrons

3) photoheterotrophy, similar to respiratory catabolism but uses light to gain energy

Types of fermentation

Homolactic, Heterolactic, Ethanolic, Mixed-acid

DnaA-ATP

the initial enzyme involved responsible for binding to OriC and calling the replisome

DnaC

called by DnaA and calls DnaB (helicase) to the site to separate the strands

DnaB

helicase, is called by DnaC and calls DnaG (primase) to continue replication

DnaG

primase, places RNA primers at the origins of replication after they’re made available by DnaB

DNA Polymerase III

The main adding protein for DNA replication, adds dNTPs to primers, synthesizing 5’ to 3’ on the new strand. is called by a sliding clamp and 2 DNA Pol III work on both sides of the original strand at once

DNA Polymerase I

Partly responsible (with Rnase H) for dissolving RNA primers and placing new dNTPs.

Ligase

Fills in missing phosphodiester bonds between dNTPs from okasaki fragments on the lagging strand

Plasmids

Extra pieces of DNA in bacteria and archaea. They are normally circular and code for lines of DNA less essential or applicable than those in the main chromosome. They can be replicated independently and vary in size and # of copies

Sigma Factor

The smaller signal piece of RNA polymerase, and is used to locate the starting sequence for transcription, then calls the (a2,b,b’) other parts of the RNA polymerase to undergo transcription. Works by looking for a specific starting sequence.

Products of EMP

2 NADH and 2ATP

Products of ED

1 NADH, 1 NADPH, 1 ATP

Products of PPP

ATP, 2NADPH

Lux Operon

GEBADC, Lux I makes the autoinducer and is sent out of the cell, when its concentration builds up enough outside of the cell, which usually requires a group of Fischeri, it comes back in the cell and makes LuxR which synthesizes GEBADC, Luciferase

Flagella Motor

no thing, CheA-P → CheY to Che Y-P, CW and tumble, once signal, signal bings to MCP, Che dephosphorolates Che A, Che Z dephosphorylates Che Y-P to Che Y, running, then Che R methylates to find more signal, CheB unmethylates

Mismatch Repair

MutS+MutH, MutL, MutS and H recruit L

UV damage

thymine dimers

photoreactive effect

cleaves