Histology of Skin and Accessory Structures of the Skin (APR)

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Derman papilla

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Location:

Interface between dermis and epidermis

Description:

Projection of papillary (external) layer of dermis
Forms core of epidermal ridge
Numerous and often branched
Contains capillary loops

Function:

Provides nourishment to avascular epidermis
Provides fingerprints for grasping objects

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Dermis

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Location:

Skin (between epidermis and hypodermis)

Description:

Two layers: papillary (superficial), composed of areolar connective tissue; and reticular (deep), composed of dense irregular connective tissue
Contains appendages of skin: hair follicles and glands (sweat and sebaceous)
Contains sensory nerve endings and dense network of blood and lymphatic vessels
Includes part of hair follicle (which develops as invagination from epidermis)

Function:

Supports epidermis
Dense concentration of collagen and elastin gives skin strength
Receives general sensory stimuli (pain, touch, and temperature) via nerve endings and specialized receptors
Regulates body temperature

Comment:

Muscles of facial expression insert on dermis

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Derman papilla

Location:

Interface between dermis and epidermis

Description:

Projection of papillary (external) layer of dermis
Forms core of epidermal ridge
Numerous and often branched
Contains capillary loops

Function:

Provides nourishment to avascular epidermis
Provides fingerprints for grasping objects

New cards

Dermis

Location:

Skin (between epidermis and hypodermis)

Description:

Two layers: papillary (superficial), composed of areolar connective tissue; and reticular (deep), composed of dense irregular connective tissue
Contains appendages of skin: hair follicles and glands (sweat and sebaceous)
Contains sensory nerve endings and dense network of blood and lymphatic vessels
Includes part of hair follicle (which develops as invagination from epidermis)

Function:

Supports epidermis
Dense concentration of collagen and elastin gives skin strength
Receives general sensory stimuli (pain, touch, and temperature) via nerve endings and specialized receptors
Regulates body temperature

Comment:

Muscles of facial expression insert on dermis

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Duct of merocrine sweat gland

Location:

Dermis and epidermis of skin

Description:

Lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium
Has spiral course through dermis and epidermis from secretory part of gland
Cells of duct epithelium are smaller and duct has a smaller lumen than secretory part of gland

Comment:

Sweat from merocrine gland is a nonviscous, hypotonic watery secretion

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Epidermis

Location:

Skin (superficial to dermis)

Description:

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of variable thickness
Avascular
Major cell type is keratinocyte
Thick skin has five layers (superficial to deep): stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
Thin skin has four layers (stratum lucidum is missing)
Cells of stratum lucidum and stratum corneum lack nuclei

Function:

Physical barrier
Protection of underlying structures

Comment:

Also contains stem cells, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and dendritic cells
Depends on underlying dermis for nutrients (i.e., vascular supply)

<p>Location:</p>
<ul>
<li>Skin (superficial to dermis)</li>
</ul>
<p>Description:</p>
<ul>
<li>Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of variable thickness</li>
<li>Avascular</li>
<li>Major cell type is keratinocyte</li>
<li>Thick skin has five layers (superficial to deep): stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale</li>
<li>Thin skin has four layers (stratum lucidum is missing)</li>
<li>Cells of stratum lucidum and stratum corneum lack nuclei</li>
</ul>
<p>Function:</p>
<ul>
<li>Physical barrier</li>
<li>Protection of underlying structures</li>
</ul>
<p>Comment:</p>
<ul>
<li>Also contains stem cells, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and dendritic cells</li>
<li>Depends on underlying dermis for nutrients (i.e., vascular supply)</li>
</ul>

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Stratum basale

Location:

Skin
Deepest layer of epidermis

Description:

Single layer of columnar or high cuboidal cells resting on basement membrane
Keratinocyte is predominant cell
Also contains melanocytes, Merkel cells (touch receptors), and stem cells

Function:

Keratinocytes undergo mitosis, producing stem cells and cells that migrate into stratum spinosum

Also known as:

Basal layer or stratum germinativum

Comment:

Cells in stratum basale and stratum spinosum responsible for turnover of epidermal keratinocytes
Melanocytes of this layer produce melanin, a natural sunscreen

<p>Location:</p>
<ul>
<li>Skin</li>
<li>Deepest layer of epidermis</li>
</ul>
<p>Description:</p>
<ul>
<li>Single layer of columnar or high cuboidal cells resting on basement membrane</li>
<li>Keratinocyte is predominant cell</li>
<li>Also contains melanocytes, Merkel cells (touch receptors), and stem cells</li>
</ul>
<p>Function:</p>
<ul>
<li>Keratinocytes undergo mitosis, producing stem cells and cells that migrate into stratum spinosum</li>
</ul>
<p>Also known as:</p>
<ul>
<li>Basal layer or stratum germinativum</li>
</ul>
<p>Comment:</p>
<ul>
<li>Cells in stratum basale and stratum spinosum responsible for turnover of epidermal keratinocytes</li>
<li>Melanocytes of this layer produce melanin, a natural sunscreen</li>
</ul>

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Stratum corneum

Location:

Skin
Outermost layer of epidermis

Description:

Up to 30 layers of cornified, dead cells
Dead cells contain keratin

Function:

Creates barrier to fluids

Also known as:

Keratin layer

Comment:

Cells sloughed (shed) from surface and continually replaced from deeper layers
Sloughed cells form major component of household "dust"
Latin: cornu = horn

<p>Location:</p>
<ul>
<li>Skin</li>
<li>Outermost layer of epidermis</li>
</ul>
<p>Description:</p>
<ul>
<li>Up to 30 layers of cornified, dead cells</li>
<li>Dead cells contain keratin</li>
</ul>
<p>Function:</p>
<ul>
<li>Creates barrier to fluids</li>
</ul>
<p>Also known as:</p>
<ul>
<li>Keratin layer</li>
</ul>
<p>Comment:</p>
<ul>
<li>Cells sloughed (shed) from surface and continually replaced from deeper layers</li>
<li>Sloughed cells form major component of household "dust"</li>
<li>Latin: cornu = horn</li>
</ul>

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Stratum granulosum

Location:

Skin
Epidermis, between stratum spinosum and stratum lucidum

Description:

Three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes
Keratinocytes contain dark staining keratohyalin granules (precursor of keratin)
Nuclei of keratinocytes in various stages of degeneration

Function:

Protection for deeper layers

Also known as:

Granular layer

Comment:

Not a distinct layer in thin skin

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Stratum lucidum

Location:

Skin
Epidermis, between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

Description:

Thin translucent layer composed of three to five layers of keratinocytes without nuclei or organelles
Keratinocytes contain eleidin (an intermediate in keratin production)

Comment:

Present only in skin of palm (hand) and sole (foot)

<p>Location:</p>
<ul>
<li>Skin</li>
<li>Epidermis, between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum</li>
</ul>
<p>Description:</p>
<ul>
<li>Thin translucent layer composed of three to five layers of keratinocytes without nuclei or organelles</li>
<li>Keratinocytes contain eleidin (an intermediate in keratin production)</li>
</ul>
<p>Comment:</p>
<ul>
<li>Present only in skin of palm (hand) and sole (foot)</li>
</ul>

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Stratum spinosum

Location:

Skin
Epidermis, between stratum basale and stratum granulosum

Description:

Many layers of keratinocytes
Deepest cells can divide
Cells firmly attached to each other by desmosomes (cell junctions)
Also contains dendritic (Langerhans) cells

Function:

Helps maintain physical strength of epidermis
Helps maintain barrier to infectious agents and harmful substances

Also known as:

Prickle cell layer

Comment:

Cells in stratum basale and stratum spinosum responsible for turnover of epidermal keratinocytes

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Dermis

Location:

Skin (between epidermis and hypodermis)

Description:

Two layers: papillary (superficial), composed of areolar connective tissue; and reticular (deep), composed of dense irregular connective tissue
Contains appendages of skin: hair follicles and glands (sweat and sebaceous)
Contains sensory nerve endings and dense network of blood and lymphatic vessels
Includes part of hair follicle (which develops as invagination from epidermis)

Function:

Supports epidermis
Dense concentration of collagen and elastin gives skin strength
Receives general sensory stimuli (pain, touch, and temperature) via nerve endings and specialized receptors
Regulates body temperature

Comment:

Muscles of facial expression insert on dermis

New cards

Epidermis

Location:

Skin (superficial to dermis)

Description:

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of variable thickness
Avascular
Major cell type is keratinocyte
Thick skin has five layers (superficial to deep): stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
Thin skin has four layers (stratum lucidum is missing)
Cells of stratum lucidum and stratum corneum lack nuclei

Function:

Physical barrier
Protection of underlying structures

Comment:

Also contains stem cells, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and dendritic cells
Depends on underlying dermis for nutrients (i.e., vascular supply)

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Stratum basale

Location:

Skin
Deepest layer of epidermis

Description:

Single layer of columnar or high cuboidal cells resting on basement membrane
Keratinocyte is predominant cell
Also contains melanocytes, Merkel cells (touch receptors), and stem cells

Function:

Keratinocytes undergo mitosis, producing stem cells and cells that migrate into stratum spinosum

Also known as:

Basal layer or stratum germinativum

Comment:

Cells in stratum basale and stratum spinosum responsible for turnover of epidermal keratinocytes
Melanocytes of this layer produce melanin, a natural sunscreen

New cards

Stratum corneum

Location:

Skin
Outermost layer of epidermis

Description:

Up to 30 layers of cornified, dead cells
Dead cells contain keratin

Function:

Creates barrier to fluids

Also known as:

Keratin layer

Comment:

Cells sloughed (shed) from surface and continually replaced from deeper layers
Sloughed cells form major component of household "dust"
Latin: cornu = horn

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Stratum granulosum

Location:

Skin
Epidermis, between stratum spinosum and stratum lucidum

Description:

Three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes
Keratinocytes contain dark staining keratohyalin granules (precursor of keratin)
Nuclei of keratinocytes in various stages of degeneration

Function:

Protection for deeper layers

Also known as:

Granular layer

Comment:

Not a distinct layer in thin skin

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Stratum lucidum

Location:

Skin
Epidermis, between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

Description:

Thin translucent layer composed of three to five layers of keratinocytes without nuclei or organelles
Keratinocytes contain eleidin (an intermediate in keratin production)

Comment:

Present only in skin of palm (hand) and sole (foot)

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Stratum spinosum

Location:

Skin
Epidermis, between stratum basale and stratum granulosum

Description:

Many layers of keratinocytes
Deepest cells can divide
Cells firmly attached to each other by desmosomes (cell junctions)
Also contains dendritic (Langerhans) cells

Function:

Helps maintain physical strength of epidermis
Helps maintain barrier to infectious agents and harmful substances

Also known as:

Prickle cell layer

Comment:

Cells in stratum basale and stratum spinosum responsible for turnover of epidermal keratinocytes

New cards

Dermis

Location:

Skin (between epidermis and hypodermis)

Description:

Two layers: papillary (superficial), composed of areolar connective tissue; and reticular (deep), composed of dense irregular connective tissue
Contains appendages of skin: hair follicles and glands (sweat and sebaceous)
Contains sensory nerve endings and dense network of blood and lymphatic vessels
Includes part of hair follicle (which develops as invagination from epidermis)

Function:

Supports epidermis
Dense concentration of collagen and elastin gives skin strength
Receives general sensory stimuli (pain, touch, and temperature) via nerve endings and specialized receptors
Regulates body temperature

Comment:

Muscles of facial expression insert on dermis

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Duct of sebaceous gland

Location:

Dermis and epidermis of thin skin

Description:

Short passage between secretory part of gland and hair follicle
Lined by stratified squamous epithelium that is continuous with external root sheath of hair
Most frequently opens into upper portion of hair follicle
May open directly on skin surface of glans penis, clitoris, and lips

Function:

Release of sebum into hair follicle or onto skin surface

Comment:

Sebum is oily substance produced by sebaceous glands

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Epidermis

Location:

Skin (superficial to dermis)

Description:

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of variable thickness
Avascular
Major cell type is keratinocyte
Thick skin has five layers (superficial to deep): stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
Thin skin has four layers (stratum lucidum is missing)
Cells of stratum lucidum and stratum corneum lack nuclei

Function:

Physical barrier
Protection of underlying structures

Comment:

Also contains stem cells, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and dendritic cells
Depends on underlying dermis for nutrients (i.e., vascular supply)

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Hair

Location:

Thin skin

Description:

Accessory organ of skin
Fine, keratinized filament
Grows from oblique tube in skin called hair follicle
Each hair has three zones: bulb, root, and shaft
Projects from epidermal surface (length varies by body region)
Usually pigmented (hair color due to melanin pigment granules in hair cortex)

Function:

Protection (e.g., from sunburn)
Heat retention (esp. on scalp)
Cutaneous sensation
Dispersion of chemical signals
Facial recognition/visual identification

Comment:

Hair not found in thick skin of palms (hands) or soles (feet)
Genetic and hormonal factors determine body hair distribution
Single hair also known as pilus (plural, pili)

<p>Location:</p>
<ul>
<li>Thin skin</li>
</ul>
<p>Description:</p>
<ul>
<li>Accessory organ of skin</li>
<li>Fine, keratinized filament</li>
<li>Grows from oblique tube in skin called hair follicle</li>
<li>Each hair has three zones: bulb, root, and shaft</li>
<li>Projects from epidermal surface (length varies by body region)</li>
<li>Usually pigmented (hair color due to melanin pigment granules in hair cortex)</li>
</ul>
<p>Function:</p>
<ul>
<li>Protection (e.g., from sunburn)</li>
<li>Heat retention (esp. on scalp)</li>
<li>Cutaneous sensation</li>
<li>Dispersion of chemical signals</li>
<li>Facial recognition/visual identification</li>
</ul>
<p>Comment:</p>
<ul>
<li>Hair not found in thick skin of palms (hands) or soles (feet)</li>
<li>Genetic and hormonal factors determine body hair distribution</li>
<li>Single hair also known as pilus (plural, pili)</li>
</ul>

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Hair follicle

Location:

Dermis
May extend into hypodermis

Description:

Tube that surrounds hair root
Courses obliquely through dermis
Two coats: epidermic (inner) and dermic (outer)
Characteristic parts include: dermal papilla bulb, hair shaft, cuticle layer, internal follicular sheath, and external follicular sheath
Associated with hair receptors and arrector muscle of the hair

Function:

Hair formation and growth

Comment:

Hair follicle develops as invagination from epidermis
Follicle associated with a sebaceous gland, an arrector muscle of the hair, and an apocrine gland (in axilla and anogenital regions)
Apocrine glands release part of apical cytoplasm with secretion
Arrector muscle of the hair also known as arrector pili (piloerector) muscle

<p>Location:</p>
<ul>
<li>Dermis</li>
<li>May extend into hypodermis</li>
</ul>
<p>Description:</p>
<ul>
<li>Tube that surrounds hair root</li>
<li>Courses obliquely through dermis</li>
<li>Two coats: epidermic (inner) and dermic (outer)</li>
<li>Characteristic parts include: dermal papilla bulb, hair shaft, cuticle layer, internal follicular sheath, and external follicular sheath</li>
<li>Associated with hair receptors and arrector muscle of the hair</li>
</ul>
<p>Function:</p>
<ul>
<li>Hair formation and growth</li>
</ul>
<p>Comment:</p>
<ul>
<li>Hair follicle develops as invagination from epidermis</li>
<li>Follicle associated with a sebaceous gland, an arrector muscle of the hair, and an apocrine gland (in axilla and anogenital regions)</li>
<li>Apocrine glands release part of apical cytoplasm with secretion</li>
<li>Arrector muscle of the hair also known as arrector pili (piloerector) muscle</li>
</ul>

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Sebaceous gland

Location:

Skin

Description:

Simple, saccular holocrine gland
Secretory part lies in dermis
Duct opens into hair follicle or onto skin surface

Function:

Secrete sebum (oily substance)
Lubricate and waterproof hair shaft

Comment:

Not found in skin of palms (hands) or soles (feet)
Holocrine glands produce secretion through fatty degeneration of cells in secretory part of gland

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Dermis

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Epidermis

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Stratum basale

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Stratum corneum

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Stratum granulosum

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Stratum spinosum

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Hair shaft

Location:

Surface of epidermis

Description:

Filamentous, pigmented, keratinized structure
Projects from epidermal surface, i.e., extends beyond skin surface (length varies by body region)

Function:

Protection (e.g., from sunburn)
Heat retention (esp. on scalp)
Cutaneous sensation
Dispersion of chemical signals
Facial recognition/visual identification

<p>Location:</p>
<ul>
<li>Surface of epidermis</li>
</ul>
<p>Description:</p>
<ul>
<li>Filamentous, pigmented, keratinized structure</li>
<li>Projects from epidermal surface, i.e., extends beyond skin surface (length varies by body region)</li>
</ul>
<p>Function:</p>
<ul>
<li>Protection (e.g., from sunburn)</li>
<li>Heat retention (esp. on scalp)</li>
<li>Cutaneous sensation</li>
<li>Dispersion of chemical signals</li>
<li>Facial recognition/visual identification</li>
</ul>

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Keratinocyte

Location:

Skin

Description:

Predominant cell of epidermis
Originates in basal layer of epidermis and differentiates as they migrate toward surface of skin
Fully differentiated keratinocyte composed of 85% keratin

Function:

Helps form epidermal barrier to water and dehydration

Comment:

Epidermis arranged in five layers (deep to superficial): stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum
Individual keratinocytes in epidermis for approximately 1 month: they move from stratum basale to stratum corneum in approximately 2 weeks and then remain on the surface for an additional 2 weeks
Keratin is major structural protein of epidermis

<p>Location:</p>
<ul>
<li>Skin</li>
</ul>
<p>Description:</p>
<ul>
<li>Predominant cell of epidermis</li>
<li>Originates in basal layer of epidermis and differentiates as they migrate toward surface of skin</li>
<li>Fully differentiated keratinocyte composed of 85% keratin</li>
</ul>
<p>Function:</p>
<ul>
<li>Helps form epidermal barrier to water and dehydration</li>
</ul>
<p>Comment:</p>
<ul>
<li>Epidermis arranged in five layers (deep to superficial): stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum</li>
<li>Individual keratinocytes in epidermis for approximately 1 month: they move from stratum basale to stratum corneum in approximately 2 weeks and then remain on the surface for an additional 2 weeks</li>
<li>Keratin is major structural protein of epidermis</li>
</ul>

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External root sheath

Location:

Hair follicle

Description:

Downgrowth of epidermis that forms external layer of hair follicle
At skin surface composed of all layers of epidermis
Thinner at dermal papilla, where it is composed only of cells corresponding to stratum basale of epidermis

Function:

Support for hair production and growth

<p>Location:</p>
<ul>
<li>Hair follicle</li>
</ul>
<p>Description:</p>
<ul>
<li>Downgrowth of epidermis that forms external layer of hair follicle</li>
<li>At skin surface composed of all layers of epidermis</li>
<li>Thinner at dermal papilla, where it is composed only of cells corresponding to stratum basale of epidermis</li>
</ul>
<p>Function:</p>
<ul>
<li>Support for hair production and growth</li>
</ul>

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Hair matrix

Location:

Hair bulb

Description:

Surrounds dermal papilla of hair bulb
Scattered melanocytes present in matrix

Function:

Zone of dividing cells that give rise to all layers of hair and hair follicle
Division and proliferation of cells in matrix account for hair growth

Comment:

Hair color determined by amount of melanin pigment synthesized by melanocytes in hair matrix

<p>Location:</p>
<ul>
<li>Hair bulb</li>
</ul>
<p>Description:</p>
<ul>
<li>Surrounds dermal papilla of hair bulb</li>
<li>Scattered melanocytes present in matrix</li>
</ul>
<p>Function:</p>
<ul>
<li>Zone of dividing cells that give rise to all layers of hair and hair follicle</li>
<li>Division and proliferation of cells in matrix account for hair growth</li>
</ul>
<p>Comment:</p>
<ul>
<li>Hair color determined by amount of melanin pigment synthesized by melanocytes in hair matrix</li>
</ul>

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Internal root sheath

Location:

Hair follicle

Description:

Multicellular sheath that surrounds hair
Extends around inferior part of hair
Separates hair from external root sheath
Comprised of soft keratin

Function:

Support for hair production and growth

<p>Location:</p>
<ul>
<li>Hair follicle</li>
</ul>
<p>Description:</p>
<ul>
<li>Multicellular sheath that surrounds hair</li>
<li>Extends around inferior part of hair</li>
<li>Separates hair from external root sheath</li>
<li>Comprised of soft keratin</li>
</ul>
<p>Function:</p>
<ul>
<li>Support for hair production and growth</li>
</ul>

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Dermal papilla of hair bulb

Location:

Inferior part of hair follicle (base of hair bulb)

Description:

Invagination of loose connective tissue
Contains capillary network

Function:

Blood supply for hair follicle

Comment:

Damage to dermal papilla results in death of hair follicle

<p>Location:</p>
<ul>
<li>Inferior part of hair follicle (base of hair bulb)</li>
</ul>
<p>Description:</p>
<ul>
<li>Invagination of loose connective tissue</li>
<li>Contains capillary network</li>
</ul>
<p>Function:</p>
<ul>
<li>Blood supply for hair follicle</li>
</ul>
<p>Comment:</p>
<ul>
<li>Damage to dermal papilla results in death of hair follicle</li>
</ul>

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Dermis

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External root sheath

Location:

Hair follicle

Description:

Downgrowth of epidermis that forms external layer of hair follicle
At skin surface composed of all layers of epidermis
Thinner at dermal papilla, where it is composed only of cells corresponding to stratum basale of epidermis

Function:

Support for hair production and growth

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Hair matrix

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Internal root sheath

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Duct of sebaceous gland

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Epidermis

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Hair follicle

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Sebaceous gland

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Duct of sebaceous gland

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Hair follicle

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Sebaceous gland

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Dermis

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Duct of merocrine sweat gland

Location:

Dermis and epidermis of skin

Description:

Lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium
Has spiral course through dermis and epidermis from secretory part of gland
Cells of duct epithelium are smaller and duct has a smaller lumen than secretory part of gland

Comment:

Sweat from merocrine gland is a nonviscous, hypotonic watery secretion

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Epidermis

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Hypodermis

Location:

Deep to skin

Description:

Layer of loose areolar connective and adipose tissue
Contains cutaneous nerves and blood vessels, and glands (sweat and sebaceous)
Contains lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle (pressure receptor)
Contains portions of hair follicles associated with thin skin

Function:

Fat storage
Thermal regulation
Permits movement of skin

Also known as:

Subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia

<p>Location:</p>
<ul>
<li>Deep to skin</li>
</ul>
<p>Description:</p>
<ul>
<li>Layer of loose areolar connective and adipose tissue</li>
<li>Contains cutaneous nerves and blood vessels, and glands (sweat and sebaceous)</li>
<li>Contains lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle (pressure receptor)</li>
<li>Contains portions of hair follicles associated with thin skin</li>
</ul>
<p>Function:</p>
<ul>
<li>Fat storage</li>
<li>Thermal regulation</li>
<li>Permits movement of skin</li>
</ul>
<p>Also known as:</p>
<ul>
<li>Subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia</li>
</ul>

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Merocrine of sweat gland

Location:

Dermis and hypodermis of skin

Description:

Simple, coiled, tubular gland
Secretory part of gland composed of simple cuboidal epithelium
Duct opens directly on surface of skin at sweat pore
Innervated by cholinergic nerve fibers

Function:

Production and release of non-viscous, hypotonic, watery secretion known as sweat
Plays a major role in temperature regulation through cooling that results from evaporation of sweat from body surface

Comment: