Chp 12 AND 14 TB Defs

Accommodation

Accommodation

Learning new information and thus changing the schema.

Adolescence

The years between the onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood.

Alzheimer's Disease

A form of dementia that, over a period of years, leads to a loss of emotions, cognitions, and physical functioning, and that is ultimately fatal.

Ambivalent Attachment Style

A child with ___________ is wary about the situation in general, particularly the stranger, and stays close or even clings to the mother rather than exploring the toys. When the mother leaves, the child is extremely distressed and is ambivalent when she returns.

Ambivalent Sexism

Recognizes the complex nature of gender attitudes, in which woman are often associated with positive and negative qualities.

Amniotic Sac

The fluid-filled reservoir in which the embryo (soon the be known as a fetus) will live until birth, and which acts as both a cushion against outside pressure and as a temperature regulator.

Assimilation

Use already developed schemas to understand new information.

Attachment

The emotional bonds that we develop with those with whom we feel closest, and particularly the bonds that an infant develops with the mother or primary caregiver.

Authoritarian Parents

Demanding but not responsive. They impose rules and expect obedience, tending to give orders and enforcing their commands with rewards and punishment, without providing any explanation of where the rules came from except "because I said so".

Authoritative Parents

Are demanding ("You must be home by curfew"), but they are also responsive to the needs and opinions of the child ("Let's discuss what an appropriate curfew might be"). They set rules and enforce them, but they also explain and discuss the reasons behind the rules.

Autonomy

The recognition of one's own abilities relative to other children. The freedom and self-direction in making choices and decisions.

Avoidant Attachment Style

A child with ____________ will avoid or ignore the mother, showing little emotion when the mother departs or returns. The child may run away from the mother when she approaches. The child will not explore very much, regardless of who is there, and the stranger will not be treated much differently from the mother.

Benevolent Sexism

Refers to the perception that women need to be protected, supported, and adored by men.

Childhood

The period between infancy and the onset of puberty.

Cohort Effects

The possibility that differences in cognition or behaviour at two points in time may be caused by differences that are unrelated to the changes in age. The differences might instead be due to environmental factors that affect an entire age group.

Community Learning

Children serve as both teachers and learners.

Competence

The recognition of one's own abilities relative to other children. To perform tasks effectively in a given domain.

Conception

occurs when an egg from the mother is fertilized by a sperm from the father.

Concrete Operational Stage

Ages 7-11. Marked by more frequent and more accurate use of transitions, operations, and abstract concepts, including those of time, space, and numbers. The understanding that changes in the form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quantity of the object.

Cross-Sectional Research Design

Age comparisons are made between samples of different people at different ages at one time.

Crystallized Intelligence

General knowledge about the world, as reflected in semantic knowledge, vocabulary, and language.

Dementia

Progressive neurological disease that includes loss of cognitive abilities significant enough to interfere with everyday behaviours.

Development

The psychological, behavioural, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic predispositions (nature) and by environmental influences (nurture).

Development Intergroup Theory

Postulates that adults' heavy focus on gender leads children to pay attention to gender as a key source of information about themselves and others, to seek out any possible gender differences, and to form rigid stereotypes based on gender that are subsequently difficult to change.

Disorganized Attachment Style

A child with _____________ seems to have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation - the child may cry during the separation but avoid the mother when she returns, or the child may approach the mother but then freeze or fall to the floor.

Early Adulthood

Ages between 25 and 45.

Egocentric

Unable to readily see and understand other people's viewpoints.

Embryo

When the zygote attaches to the wall of the uterus, it is known as the _____.

Estrogen

Female sex hormone.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A condition caused by material alcohol drinking that can lead to numerous detrimental developmental effects, including limb and facial abnormalities, genital anomalies, and intellectual disability.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstractly.

Formal Operational Stage

Age 11. Marked by the ability to think in abstract terms and to use scientific and philosophical lines of thought.

Gender

The cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity and femininity.

Gender Constancy

The belief that children have where they learn that gender is constant and can't change simply by changing external attributes.

Gender Discrimination

Differential treatment on the basis of gender is referred to as _______.

Gender Identity

A person's ________ refers to their psychological sense of being male or female.

Gender Roles

Behaviours, attitudes, and personality traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture.

Gender Schema Theory

Argues that children are active learners who essentially socialize themselves. In this case, children actively organize others' behaviour, activities, and attributes into gender categories, which are known as schemas.

Gender Stereotypes

The beliefs and expectations people hold about the typical characteristics, preferences, and behaviours of men and women.

Habituation

refers to the decreased responsiveness toward a stimulus after it has been presented numerous times in succession.

Habituation Procedure

A procedure that uses the principles of habituation to allow researchers to infer the cognitive processes of newborns. Ex/ A baby is placed in a high chair and presented with visual stimuli while a video camera records the infant's eye and face movements. When the experiment begins, a stimulus (ex/ the face of an adult) appears in the baby's field of view, and the amount of time the baby looks at the face is recorded by the camera. Then the stimulus is removed for a few seconds before it appears again, and the gaze is again measured. Over time, the baby starts to habituate to the face, such that each presentation elicits less gazing at the stimulus. Then a new stimulus (ex/ the face of a different adult or the same face looking in a different direction) is presented, and the researchers observe whether the gaze time significantly increases. You can see that if the infant's gaze time increases when a new stimulus is presented, this indicates that the baby can differentiate the two stimuli.

Hostile Sexism

Refers to the negative attitudes of women as inferior and incompetent relative to men.

Imaginary Audience

They feel that everyone is constantly watching them.

Infancy

The developmental stage that begins at birth and continues to one year of age.

Late Adulthood

The final stage of life, beginning in the 60s.

Longitudinal Research Designs

Research designs in which individuals in the sample are followed and contacted over an extended period of time, often over multiple developmental stages.

Menarche

The first menstrual period.

Menopause

The cessation of the menstrual cycle, which usually occurs at around the age of 50.

Middle Adulthood

Ages between 45 and 65.

Morality

Standards of behaviour that are generally agreed on within a culture to be right or proper.

Object Permanence

The child's ability to know that an object exists even when the object cannot be perceived.

Ovulation

When an ovum, an egg (the largest cell in the human body), which has been stored in one of the mother's two ovaries, matures and is released into the fallopian tube.

Parenting Styles

Parental behaviours that determine the nature of parent-child interactions and that guide their interaction with the child.

Permissive Parents

Tend to make few demands and give little punishment, but they are responsive in the sense that they generally allow their children to make their own rules.

Placenta

An organ that allows the exchange of nutrients between the embryo and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material.

Preoperational Stage

From ages 2-7. Children begin to use language and to think more abstractly about objects, with capacity to form mental images; however, their understanding is more intuitive, and they lack much ability to deduce or reason.

Primary Sex Characteristics

The sex organs concerned with reproduction.

Progesterone

Female sex hormone, that is essential for reproduction.

Puberty

A developmental period in which hormonal changes cause rapid physical alternations in the body, culminating in sexual maturity.

Rejecting-Neglecting Parents

Undemanding and unresponsive overall - parents.

Schemas

patterns of knowledge in long-term memory - that help remember, organize, and respond to information.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Features that distinguish the two sexes from each other but are not involved in reproduction. Ex/ adams apple vs enlargement of breasts

Secure Attachment Style

A child with _________ usually explores freely while the mother is present and engages with the stranger. The child may be upset when the mother departs but is also happy to see the mother return.

Secure Base

Something that allows them to feel safe.

Self-Concept

A knowledge representation or schema that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals.

Sensorimotor Stage

The cognitive stage that begins at birth and lasts until around the age of two. It is defined by the direct physical interactions that babies have with the objects around them. During this stage, babies form their first schemas by using their primary senses - they stare at, listen to, reach for, hold, shake, and taste the things in their environment.

Sex

The biological category male or female, as defined by physical differences in genetic composition and in reproductive anatomy and function.

Sexual Harassment

Based on the unwanted treatment related to sexual behaviours or appearance, it is called _______.

Sexual Orientation

The direction of their emotional and erotic attraction toward members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes.

Social Clock

The culturally preferred "right time" for major life events, such as moving out of the childhood house, getting married, and having children.

Social Comparison

After children enter school (aged 5-6) they begin to make comparisons with other children. This process is known as ___________.

Social Identity

The part of the self-concept that is derived from one's group memberships.

Social Learning Theory

Argues that gender rules are learned through reinforcement, punishment, and modeling.

Sociocultural Theory

Cognitive development is not isolated entirely within the child but occurs at least in part through social interactions.

Strange Situation

A measure of attachment in young children in which the child's behaviours are assessed in a situation in which the caregiver and a stranger move in and out of the environment.

Temperament

The innate personality characteristics of the infant. Some children are warm, friendly, and responsive, whereas others tend to be more irritable, less manageable, and difficult to console.

Teratogens

Substances that can harm the fetus.

Testosterone

Male sex hormone.

Theory of Mind

The ability to take another person's viewpoint.

Three Stages of Moral Thinking

preconventional level, conventional level, and the postconventional level.

Umbilical Cord

Links the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all material to the fetus.

Zygote

A fertilized ovum.

Adherence

used to describe the extent to which an individual's behavior coincides with health-related instructions or recommendations given by a health care provider in the context of a specific disease or disorder.

Adrenaline

a hormone that increases heart rate, elevates blood pressure, and boosts energy supplies.

Behavioural Medicine

is concerned with the integration of knowledge in the biological, behavioral, psychological, and social sciences relevant to health and illness.

Biofeedback

a technique where the individual is shown bodily information that is not normally available to them (ex. Heart rate), and then taught strategies to alter this signal.

Biomedical Model of Health

Older model - replaced by the Biopsychosocial model - which primarily considers the physical, or pathogenic, factors contributing to illness.

Biopsychosocial Model of Health

This model posits that biology, psychology, and social factors are just as important in the development of disease as biological causes (ex/ germs and viruses).

Challenge

seeing change and new experiences as exciting opportunities to learn and develop.

Character Strengths

The VIA Inventory of Strengths, formerly known as the "Values in Action Inventory," is a proprietary psychological assessment measure designed to identify an individual's profile of "____________".

Chronic Disease

a condition that endures for at least a year and requires ongoing medical care or consistently limits the scope of a person's daily activities.

Commitment

tendency to see the world as interesting and meaningful.

Control

belief in one's own ability to control or influence events.

Cortisol

the primary stress hormone, increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances the brain's use of glucose, and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues.

Daily Hassles

our everyday interactions with the environment that are essentially negative.

Emotion Regulation

the ability to successfully control our emotions.

Emotion-Focused Coping

regulates the emotions that come with stress.

Eustress

stress that is not necessarily debilitative and could be potentially facilitative to a person's sense of well-being, capacity, or performance.

External Locus of Control

believes that achievements and outcomes are determined by fate, luck, or other.

Fight-or-Flight Response

an emotional and behavioural reaction to stress that increases the readiness for action.