AP PSYCH ENTIRE YEAR

compulsions

unwanted repetitive actions

transference

the patient's transfer to the therapist of emotions linked with other relationships

resistance

mental blocks hint that anxiety lurks and the person is defending against sensitive material

risk factors of schizophrenia

low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, oxygen deprivation during delivery, famine, and fetal virus infections

interpretation

why someone has resistance may illuminate the underlying wishes, feelings, and conflicts someone's avoiding

the medical model

the concept that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in many cases cured

obsessions

unwanted repetitive thoughts

psychodynamic therapy today

therapists try to help people understand their symptoms by focusing on important relationships childhood experience; therapist-client relationship

to be classified as "abnormal" or disordered behavior, it must have what characteristics?

deviant, distressing, or dysfunctional (maladaptive)

why do people develop Dissociative Identity Disorder

way of coping with anxiety PTSD physically, sexually, or emotionally abused as a child

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and trauma

brain abnormalities schizophrenia paranoia

increased activity in the amygdala, a fear-processing center

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

personality disorders

long standing, inflexible personality traits that impair social functioning feel little distress and frequently lead seemingly normal lives

placebo effect

when patients or mental health workers expect positive results, they may see what they expect, not reality

psychological disorder

a syndrome (collection of symptoms) marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior

free association

a therapist asks a client to freely share thoughts, words, and anything that comes to mind

excoriation disorder

repeated picking at one's own skin, which results in skin lesions

deviant

violates cultural norms; behaviors that are considered unacceptable or intolerable

body dysmorphic disorder

preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated defect in personal appearance

psychoanalysis

emphasizes the power of childhood experiences in molding an adult help reduce growth-impeding inner conflicts: reclaim unconscious thoughts and feelings; insight into origins of their disorder

anxiety-prone personality disorders

avoidant personality disorder ex: fearful sensitivity to rejection

biomedical therapy

offers medication and other biological treatments

hoarding disorder

persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions because of a perceived need to save them

systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxes state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

averse conditioning

creates a negative response to a harmful stimuli helps you learn what not to do

Aaron Beck

his approach assumes that changing people's thinking can change their functioning

antipsychotic drugs

chlorpromazine (thorazine), risperidone (risperdal), alanzapine (zyprexa) positive symptoms of schizophrenia

exposure therapy

tries to change people's reactions by repeatedly exposing them to stimuli that trigger unwanted actions; with repeated exposure, people adapt

trichotillomania

recurrent, irresistible urges to pull out hair from your scalp, eyebrows, or other areas of your body

preventative mental health

seeks to prevent psychological casualties by identifying and alleviating the conditions that cause them creating environments that support psychological health empowering people and enhancing competence, health, and well-being

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

disorder characterized by haunting nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience more sensitive limbic system (where we process emotion)

antianxiety drugs

Xanax, Ativan

antidepressant drugs

prozac, zoloft, paxil selective serotonin rebuke inhibiters (SSRI) depression, anxiety disorders, ODC, PTSD

stress inoculation training

teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations

dramatic/impulsive personality disorders

borderline personality disorder (attention-getting) narcissitic personality disorder (self-focused and self-inflation) antisocial personality disorder

major depressive disorder

disorder where a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with 5 or more symptoms, at least one of which must either be

1. depressed mood or

2. loss of interest/pleasure

symptoms of major depressive disorder

depressed mood most of the time; dramatically reduced interest or enjoyment in most activities much of the times; significant challenges regulating appetite and weight; significant challenges regulating sleep; physical agitation or lethargy; feeling listless with much less energy; feeling worthless, or unwarranted guilt; problems with thinking, concentrating, or making decisions; thinking repeatedly of death and/or suicide

anxiety

a feeling of unease, fear, or sorry that something bad is about to happen

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide-open places, from which escape may be difficult

binge-eating disorder

engage in significant bouts of overeating, followed by remorse don't purge, fast, or excessively exercise

persistent depressive disorder

a milder form of depression that has lasted for 2 years or more

bipolar disorder

a disorder where a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common little need for sleep abnormally elevated mood and intensely high energy

anxiety disorders (12 types)

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

social anxiety disorder

intense fear and avoidance of social situations; feeling extremely anxious in social settings

hypomania

a condition that's similar to mania, but less severe

Bipolar 1

to be diagnosed, an individual must have experiences at least 1 full manic episode

Bipolar 2

to be diagnosed, an individual would have experiences a hypomanic episode, but never a manic one

suicide

suicidal urges arise when people feel disconnected from others, when they see themselves as a burden to others, and/or when they feel trapped by an inescapable situation

generalized anxiety disorder

a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal (alarm/distress) excessive and uncontrollable worry more common in women (2/3)

nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

self harm (cutting, burning, hitting) people who engage in NSSI do not intend to end their own life NSSI is most often performed in the absence of suicidal ideation occurs at the highest rates among adolescents and young adults

demonology and trephination

a procedure where a physician drilled holes in the skull of a patient to allow demonic forces to escape

why do people NSSI

pain distracts them from intense negative thoughts (temporary relief) relieve feelings of guilt by punishing themselves produces a physical sign of emotional distress, which may lead to getting help

the stress vulnerability model (diathesis-stress model)

individual characteristics combine with environmental stressors to increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder some disorders run in families genetic predisposition doesn't always mean you'll develop a disorder

pros of labeling psychological disorders

labels can be helpful for healthcare professionals (communication, consistency in diagnosis, better targeted treatment) labels can be helpful to patients and their families (greater understanding and patience, sense of comfort/hope)

cons of labeling psychological disorders

once we label a person, we may view them differently labels can lead to stigma (disgrace) labels can be self-fulfilling people may think 1 symptom means a mental disorder labels can have power in everyday life

phobia

a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation many people avoid triggers and learn to live with it, but some can't

obessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions persistently interferes with every day life obsession --> anxiety or stress --> compulsive ritual --> relief

David Rosenhan's experiment

he and 7 others acted as pseudo-patients and were admitted to psychiatric hospitals said they had auditory halluciantions all were admitted and diagnosed with schizophrenia experience revealed the biasing powers of labels

impact of culture in therapy

therapists differ from each other and clients in matters of culture and values

eccentric/odd personality disorders

schizotypal personality disorder ex: emotionless disengagement

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

inappropriate behaviors are present hallucinations; talk in disorganized and deluded ways; exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage

early warning signs of schizophrenia

social withdrawal; abnormal behavior; mother had severe, long-lasting schizophrenia; birth complications; separation from parents; short attention span; poor muscle coordination; disruptive or withdrawn behavior; emotional unpredictability; poor peer relations; childhood physical, sexual, or emotional abuse

Hippocrates and Philippe Pinel

both recognized that mental illness has a biological cause madness is a result of sickness of the mind curing requires moral treatment

nature vs. nurture NATURE

behavior is determined by the genes we inherit

epigenetics

the study of environment influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change how our DNA and environment interact

transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

treats depression psychiatrist applies a weak current to the scalp

psychosis

a severe mental condition where thought and emotions are so affected that contact is lost with reality

a fugue state (DID)

a sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to stressful situations

What did David Rosenhan's experiment tell us about labels?

once labeled, the label can determine how professionals perceive and act to a person, how the person perceives themselves, and they might act differently

are people with psychological disorders dangerous?

the vast majority aren't clinical prediction of violence is unreliable better predictors: use of drugs or alcohol; past violent behavior; gun-availability

what disorders does cognitive and CDT therapy work best for?

anxiety, PTSD, insomnia, and depression

eclectic therapy approach

combining techniques with different approaches psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, or cognitive

brain imaging of OCD patients

high-rate of metabolic activity in the frontal love, which directs our attention

what disorders does behavioral therapy work best for?

specific behavioral problems bed wetting, phobias, compulsions, marital problems, and sexual dysfunctions

schizophrenia spectrum disorder

a serious brain disorder that causes people to interpret reality abnormally

bulimia nervosa

weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges eat in spurts, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercising bouts of depression, guilt, and anxiety

catastrophizing

relentless, overgeneralized, self-blaming behavior

disorganized speech

someone's thoughts and ideas can be jumbled and in no particular order word salad

conversion disorder (neurological symptom disorder)

anxiety is converted into a physical symptom

counterconditioning

pairs the trigger stimulus with a new response that's incompatible with fear

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

illness anxiety disorder

common people interpret normal sensations as symptoms of a dreaded disease

lobotomy

a psychological procedure used to calm uncontrollably emotions or violent patients the procedure cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain produced a permanently lethargic, immature, uncreative person

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

self-help groups

small religious, interest, or support groups that meet regularly group member support each other emotionally

family therapy

treats people in the context of their family system views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influences by, or directed at, other family members

benefits of group therapy

saves therapists time and clients money social labs for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills lets people see that others share their problems feedback as people try new behaviors

group therapy

conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction

cognitive behavioral therapy

integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy alter the way people think and act makes people aware of their irrational negative thinking and replace it with new ways of thinking teaches people a more positive approach in everyday life

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

treats depression psychiatrist administers a strong current, triggers a seizure in the anesthetized patient

somatic symptom disorder

psychological origin distressing symptoms take a bodily form without apparent causes

anorexia nervosa

begins as a weight-loss diet drop significantly below normal weight feel fat, fear being fat, diet obsessively, sometimes exercise excessively

mood-stabilizing drugs

lithium treats bipolar disorder

cognitive therapy

teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional interaction

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure where people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

antisocial personality disorder

lack of conscious as a child (lie, steal, fight) adults act in violent or criminal ways unable to keep a job, behave irresponsibly, lower emotion intelligence frontal lobes are less active (impulse) emotion controlling amygdala is smaller behave impulsively, then feel and fear little

psychotherapy

a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking either to overcome difficulties or to achieve personal growth early relationships, encourage client to adopt new ways of thinking, coach in replacing old behaviors with new ones

psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes