civics final

1st Amendment

Protects freedom of speech religion press assembly and petition

2nd Amendment

Protects the right to keep and bear arms

3rd Amendment

Stops the government from forcing people to house soldiers

4th Amendment

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures

5th Amendment

Protects the right to due process and against self-incrimination and double jeopardy

6th Amendment

Guarantees a speedy and public trial with a lawyer and impartial jury

7th Amendment

Guarantees a jury trial in civil cases

8th Amendment

Protects against cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail

9th Amendment

Says people have other rights not listed in the Constitution

10th Amendment

Says powers not given to the federal government belong to the states or people

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States

14th Amendment

Gave citizenship to all born in the US and guaranteed equal protection under the law

15th Amendment

Gave African American men the right to vote

16th Amendment

Allowed the federal government to collect income taxes

17th Amendment

Allowed people to directly elect US senators

18th Amendment

Banned the making and selling of alcohol

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

21st Amendment

Repealed the 18th Amendment and made alcohol legal again

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms in office

24th Amendment

Banned poll taxes in federal elections

26th Amendment

Gave 18 year olds the right to vote

Party Ideology and Identification

Political parties operate at national state and local levels Their functions include nominating candidates informing the public operating the government and serving as watchdogs;

Party Platforms

A formal list of a party’s goals and beliefs Democrats focus on equality environment and healthcare Republicans focus on limited government free markets and national security;

Party Demographics

Democrats often get support from urban younger and diverse voters Republicans are often supported by rural older and business-oriented voters Minor parties focus on specific issues or ideologies;

Party Roles in Elections

Parties use poll watchers and exit polls to ensure fair elections Concerns include fraud and gerrymandering Solutions involve secure systems and bipartisan checks;

Voting Rights Expansion

Voting rights expanded over time The 15th Amendment banned racial discrimination The 19th gave women the vote Early rules based on property or religion were removed;

Voting Restrictions

Legal barriers like poll taxes and ID laws and extra-legal ones like threats or lies have kept some people from voting;

Fighting for Voting Rights

Court cases and grassroots groups work to remove unfair laws and boost voter turnout;

Voter Influences

Media campaigns beliefs and peer groups all shape how people vote;

Voting Trends

Over time people’s party loyalties turnout rates and focus issues have changed shifting the political scene;

Voting Issues Today

Topics include voter ID polling access and hours The debate is between security and access;

Media and Campaigns

Media helps inform but may be biased It can raise awareness or mislead;

Propaganda

Biased or misleading political messaging like ads slogans or posts meant to influence voters;

Voter Registration

To vote people must be US citizens meet age and residency rules Debates include ID laws and automatic registration;

Elections and Democracy

Elections let people pick leaders and shape laws Democracy is stronger with fair open elections and civic education;

Interest Groups

Groups like the NRA or Sierra Club that try to influence laws and policies;

Interest Group Agendas

Some push for public good like education and healthcare others for business religion or ideologies;

Interest Group Methods

They lobby politicians run ads donate money and talk to the public;

Reasons for Involvement

People get involved for personal beliefs to help their community or as a civic duty;

Barriers to Involvement

People may face laws threats or lack support that make it hard to participate but activism helps break these down;

Main US Foreign Policy Goal

To protect national security by guarding the country’s borders people and interests;

Isolationism vs Internationalism

Isolationism means staying out of foreign affairs Internationalism means engaging globally through partnerships and alliances;

OPEC’s Influence

OPEC controls oil prices Their actions have caused energy problems in the US pushing the country to rely less on foreign oil;

NGOs vs IGOs

NGOs like Red Cross are private groups IGOs like UN are made between governments to work on global issues;

International NGO Roles

Amnesty fights for rights Doctors Without Borders gives medical aid BRAC helps fight poverty;

Global Issues

Big issues include terrorism cybersecurity human trafficking and the environment Solving them needs countries to work together;

Foreign Policy Tools

Include negotiations treaties foreign aid public diplomacy alliances and participation in groups like NATO and WHO;

Military and Economic Tools

The US can use sanctions blockades drone strikes and economic aid to protect its interests;

Diplomatic Tools

Treaties direct talks multilateral agreements and public diplomacy help prevent conflict and build peace;

Collective Security

When countries agree to protect each other from attacks as a team like in NATO;