Patho Chap 12

Cardiac Output

Volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in 1 minute.

Stroke Volume

The volume pumped from one ventricle in one contraction.

Blood Pressure

The pressure of blood against the systemic arterial walls.

Vasoconstriction

Decreasing the diameter of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.

Vasodilation

Increasing the diameter of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

The part of the nervous system that increases heart rate and contraction, elevating blood pressure.

Atrial Septal Defect

A congenital defect characterized by a left-to-right shunt causing more blood to enter the right side of the heart.

Echocardiography

An imaging technique that records the movements of the heart and valves, showing changes in heart structures.

Angina Pectoris

Chest pain resulting from insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle.

Myocardial Infarction

Death of myocardial tissue due to ischemia; commonly known as a heart attack.

Cardiac Arrest

Cessation of all heart activity, resulting in no contraction or pulse.

Congestive Heart Failure

The heart's inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic needs.

Hypertensive Heart Disease

Pathological changes in the heart due to prolonged high blood pressure, such as left ventricular hypertrophy.

Rheumatic Heart Disease

An inflammatory condition of the heart resulting from an untreated streptococcal infection.

Cardiomyopathy

A disease of the heart muscle that affects its size, shape, and ability to pump blood.

Septic Shock

A life-threatening condition caused by severe infection leading to vasodilation and decreased blood flow.

Atrial Fibrillation

A common arrhythmia characterized by an irregular and often rapid heart rate.

Troponin

A protein released when there is cardiac damage, used as a marker for myocardial infarction.

Peripheral Resistance

The resistance to blood flow offered by the systemic blood vessels, affecting afterload.

Pulmonary Edema

Fluid accumulation in the lungs, common in left-sided congestive heart failure.

Murmur

An abnormal heart sound typically indicating defective valves.

Beta-adrenergic Receptors

Receptors that, when stimulated by the SNS and epinephrine, increase heart rate and force of contraction.

Aldosterone

Hormone that increases blood volume by promoting sodium and water retention.

Angiography

An imaging technique used to visualize the blood vessels of the heart.

Pulmonary Hypertension

High blood pressure specifically affecting the arteries in the lungs, often leading to cor pulmonale.

Coronary Artery Disease

Narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries usually caused by atherosclerosis.

Variant Angina

Chest pain that occurs at rest due to arterial spasms.