Pathophysiology Exam 1 Practice Flashcards

Flashcards covering introductory pathophysiology, cell alterations, immunity, infection, cancer, and fluid/electrolyte imbalances based on student lecture notes.

Pathophysiology

Study of how disease develops and affects normal body function.

Etiology

The cause of a disease.

Pathogenesis

The development of a disease.

Clinical manifestations

The signs and symptoms of a disease.

Acute

A short-term condition.

Chronic

A long-term condition.

Diffusion

The movement of substances from high to low concentration without the use of energy.

Osmosis

The process where water follows salt.

Active Transport

The movement of substances from low to high concentration that requires ATP.

Phagocytosis

A form of endocytosis where the cell eats.

Pinocytosis

A form of endocytosis where the cell drinks.

Atrophy

Cell adaptation where cells shrink.

Hypertrophy

Cell adaptation where cells enlarge.

Hyperplasia

Cell adaptation resulting in more cells.

Metaplasia

One mature cell changes into another cell type.

Dysplasia

Abnormal precancerous growth of cells.

Anaplasia

Undifferentiated malignant cells.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that does not cause inflammation.

Necrosis

Uncontrolled cell death that triggers inflammation.

Signs of Inflammation

Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain, and Loss of function.

2nd Degree Burn

Burns characterized by blisters and being very painful.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune destruction of synovial joints characterized by bilateral joint pain, swelling, and morning stiffness.

Fibromyalgia

CNS pain disorder with normal labs, characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, poor sleep, and brain fog.

B cells

Cells that become plasma cells and make antibodies for humoral immunity.

T cells

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity that directly attack infected or abnormal cells.

Natural Active Immunity

Immunity acquired by body making antibodies after getting a disease, such as chickenpox.

Artificial Active Immunity

Immunity acquired through vaccines where the body makes antibodies.

Natural Passive Immunity

Receipt of antibodies from mother to baby.

Artificial Passive Immunity

Receipt of antibodies through immune globulin or antivenom.

IgM

The first immunoglobulin produced.

IgG

The most abundant immunoglobulin; it crosses the placenta.

IgA

Immunoglobulin found in secretions.

IgE

Immunoglobulin involved in allergies.

Type I Hypersensitivity

IgE-mediated allergies.

Type III Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity involving immune complexes, such as SLE.

Type IV Hypersensitivity

Delayed hypersensitivity, such as a TB test or poison ivy reaction.

SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)

Autoimmune multisystem disease characterized by a butterfly rash, joint pain, photosensitivity, and kidney damage.

HIV/AIDS

Condition that destroys $CD4$ T cells, resulting in weight loss, infections, night sweats, decreased $CD4$ counts and increased viral load.

Chain of Infection

Agent → Reservoir → Exit → Transmission → Entry → Host.

Stages of Infection

Incubation, Prodromal, Illness, Decline, and Convalescence.

Shingles

Reactivation of varicella-zoster causing a painful unilateral rash that does not cross the midline.

Malignant Cancer

Cancer that invades and metastasizes.

Cancer Stages

Initiation → Promotion → Progression.

Cachexia

Severe weight loss associated with cancer.

ABCDE Criteria

A = asymmetry, B = border, C = color, D = diameter $6\,mm$, E = elevation.

Isotonic Solution

A solution that causes no fluid shift.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution that causes cells to swell.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution that causes cells to shrink.

Fluid Deficit Symptoms

Dry mouth, hypotension, and tachycardia.

Fluid Excess Symptoms

Edema, crackles, and JVD.

Hypernatremia

High $Na^+$ levels associated with thirst and confusion.

Hyperkalemia

High $K^+$ levels associated with peaked T waves, early muscle twitching, dysrhythmias, and potential cardiac arrest.

Hypokalemia

Low $K^+$ levels causing muscle weakness, dysrhythmias, U waves, fatigue, and decreased bowel sounds.

Hypercalcemia

High calcium levels characterized by kidney stones, constipation, polyuria, lethargy, and decreased reflexes.

Hypocalcemia

Low calcium levels characterized by tetany, Chvostek sign, Trousseau sign, hyperactive reflexes, seizures, and laryngospasm.

Osteoporosis

Condition where bone loss exceeds bone formation, resulting in fractures, kyphosis, and height loss.