geog tourism

factors for growth of motivation to travel (3)

1. need for relaxation (USS in 2019 >19mil visitors)

2. need to achieve personal growth & fulfilment, improve skills (climb Mt Everest)

3. discover unique travel experiences (learn abt Antarctica)

factors for growth in ability to travel (5)

1. increase in disposable income (China GDP 4x, departures grew from 9mil in 1999 to 154mil in 2019)

2. increase in leisure time & paid leave (2015, Chinese gov encourage give half day paid leave on Fri to boost tourism)

3. business innovations, more affordable & personalised (Expedia & Trivago w search engines)

4. lower transport costs w budget airlines (eg AirAsia)

5. lower accommodation costs (>2mil stayed in AirBnB in 2019)

factors for growth in mobility to travel (3)

1. expansion of public transport services (Terminal 4 added 16mil capacity to Changi)

2. new modes of travel (Shinkansen decreased travel time from Tokyo to Osaka by >3h)

3. increased private car ownership (1950s, increase US domestic tourism)

what is stage 1 of tourism? & eg

exploration stage

eg: Jaco Island in Timor Leste w few tourists

what is stage 2 of tourism? w eg

involvement stage

eg: Kuang Si Waterfalls in Laos, authorities invest $$$ to improve facilities near waterfall

what is stage 3 of tourism? w eg

developing stage

eg: Phu Quoc island in Vietnam, rapid increase in arrivals in 2019 to 5.1mil after investments to build airport and seaport, 70% locals employed in tourism

what is stage 4 of tourism? w eg

consolidation (growth slows)

eg: Goa, India. 40% locals in tourism. 2019, 7mil tourists vs 1.5mil locals

what is stage 5 of tourism? w eg

stagnation

eg: Hawaii, US (1990s-2000s) Wakiki, major tourism spot, very crowded & getting run down

what is stage 6 of tourism? w eg

decline

eg: Blackpool, UK in 1990s lost attractiveness due to competition from other Eu coastal regions, old inns deteriorated shut down

what is stage 7 of tourism? w eg

rejuvenation

eg: Blackpool, UK now local authorities engaged private sector to invest 300mil to build Blackpool centre, world class leisure development, remarketed itself as muslim and disabled friendly

define push factor and name some

factors that make tourist want to leave generating region

eg: stressful/unpleasant environment, lack of recreation options

define pull factor and name some

factors that make tourist attracted to attracting region

eg: special events like concert, scenic beauty, attractions facilities amenities

what is adventure tourism? w eg

tourists travel to natural environments to participate in challenging physical activities, self growth

eg: trek Mt Everest

what is heritage tourism? w eg

tourists travel to places rich in cultural history to learn about different traditions and unique experiences

eg: ancient city Machu Picchu in Peru attracts >1mil yearly tourists

what is sports tourism? w eg

tourists travel to places hosting sporting events to support their favourite players

tourists travel to places hosting sporting events to compete and achieve personal growth

eg: go Manchester for football during English Premier League

what is health tourism? w eg

tourists travel to places w advanced medical equipment to get cheaper treatment/ better tech

eg: SK for cosmetic surgery got >2mil in 2018

how tourism demand increase?

1. increasing popularity of lesser known destinations (go Manchester instead of London for arts and architecture, cruise services to Antarctica)

2. emergence of new experiences via adventure, heritage, sports and health tourism

how tourism supply increase?

1. specialist tour operators add onto mass market services (Quark expeditions to Arctic & Antarctica)

2. tourism marketing change from print to online (Klook promotes packages on Facebook & Instagram)

positive impacts on economy

1. employment opportunities (2019, tourism 330mil formal jobs worldwide, 10% of global workforce)

2. income generation (1980 Maldives from poorest to now)

negative impacts on economy

1. economic leakages (UN Enviro Programme says for every US$100, only US$5 remains)

2. overdependence on leakages: natural disasters (2017 Caribbean struck by hurricane, 95% buldings destroyed, 1 mil fewer tourists, US$700mil loss), unfavourable political situations (2020 Thailand protest against military rule), outbreak of diseases (COVID, Maldives 2020 arrivals a third of 2019)