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Central Nervous system (CNS)

includes the brain and spinal cord

brainstem

contains midbrain, medulla, and pons

medulla

controls vital body functions ex: heart rate, breathing

pons

control the management of sleep, arousal, facial expression

cerebellum

maintaining balance and motor coordination

cerebellum

contains more neurons than the rest of the brain

midbrain

controls sensory reflexes, movement, pain

reticular formation

controls mood, arousal, sleep; major source of serotonin and norepinephrine

thalamus

controls sensation, memory, states of consciousness; receives sensory input from most systems

basal ganglia

voluntary movement; degeneration in Parkinson's, also involved in OCD and ADHD

hypothalamus

involved w/ motivation and homeostasis; regulates temperature, hunger thirst; directs ANS and endocrine system

hippocampus

formation of long term memories

cingulate cortex

directs ANS; plays role in decision making, emotion, anticipation of reward, empathy

amygdala

fear and aggression

nucleus accumbens

reward and pleasure

corpus callosum

connects hemispheres

cerebral cortex

thin layer of gray matter covering cerebral hemispheres

frontal lobe

primary motor cortex and areas responsible for most complex cognitive processes

Broca's area

speech production in left hemisphere

prefrontal cortex

planning behavior, attention, and judgement

orbitofrontal cortex

emotion, impulse control

occipital lobe

primary visual cortex

temporal lobe

primary auditory cortex

parietal lobe

primary somatosensory cortex (involved in neglect syndrome)

lateralization

localization of function in one of the hemispheres (Ex: language lateralized in the left hemisphere)

Peripheral Nervous System

nerves and ganglia outside the CNS; contains somatic and autonomic nervous systems

somatic nervous system

transmits commands for voluntary movement

autonomic nervous system

controls glands and organs; contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight; expenditure of energy

parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest; storage of energy

enteric nervous system

nerve cells embedded in lining of gastrointestinal system; communicates with endocrine system; source of 95% of boys serotonin

endocrine system

responsible for release of hormones into bloodstream; responses to input from hypothalamus

pineal gland

releases melatonin; maintenance of sleep-wake cycles

pituitary gland

master gland; stimulates activity of other glands

main parts of the neuron

soma (cell body), axons (transmit info), dendrites (receive info)

glial cells

provide structural matrix, clean up debris, form blood-brain barrier

myelin

insulating material covering axons; increase conduction

glial cells

cells that form scar tissue in the brain and spinal cord

young adulthood

The prefrontal cortex in myelinated in

action potential

electrical signal arising in a neurons axon

resting potential

electrical charge across membrane when neuron is not firing

action

The _________ potential is initiated when the membrane is depolarized to threshold

synapse

point of communication between neurons

neurotransmitter

chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse

receptor

where neurotransmitter binds

reuptake

NT reabsorbed by neuron that released it

acetylcholine

NT involved in movement, memory, ANS function

epinephrine

NT involved in arousal

norepinephrine

NT involved in arousal and vigilance; released by SNS; disruptions in PTSD and bipolar disorder

dopamine

NT involved in movement, planning, and reward; receptors die in Parkinson's, overactive in Schizophrenia

serotonin

NT involved in mood, appetite, sleep; associated with depression

endorphins

pain; opioid drugs mimic endorphins

glutamate

excitation of brain activity

GABA

inhibition of brain activity

anxiety

__________ disorders are the most common mental disorders

serious mental illness

Occurs at any time during the last year having a diagnosable, mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that causes functional impairment that interferes with at least one major life event

serious mental disturbance (SED)

Occurs in children who have been diagnosed with a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder

autism spectrum disorder

Is characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior

autism spectrum disorder

(1 out of 50 children) have this disorder

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both

11

_____ % is the Percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD

ADHD

the causes of _______ are genetic (heritability 70%), and environmental factors

1

schizophrenia affects what percentage of the population?

schizophrenia

characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, restricted affect, and avolition or asociality

positive symptoms

behaviors found in patients with schizophrenia but not in normal people (ex: hallucinations, delusions)

negative symptoms

behaviors found in normal people but not in schizophrenics (ex: avolition, flat affect)

sources of causality

strong genetic vulnerability (50% concordance rate in twins); environmental factors (birth month, stress)

Dopamine

abnormalities in what neurotransmitter, are associated with schizophrenia?

enlarged ventricles

abnormalities in what brain area is associated with schizophrenia?

bipolar disorder

mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression

2.6

_____ % of the adult population is affected by bipolar disorder

female

what gender that is most affected by bipolar disorder?

70

concordance rates for bipolar disorder in twins is as high as ____%

major depressive disorder (MDD)

characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide

major depressive disorder (MDD)

In order to be diagnosed with ____________ at least 5 symptoms and one must be depressed mood or anhedonia (lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure)

anhedonia

lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure

7

____ % of the population is affected by MDD

females

_________ are the most affected gender affected by MDD

cognitive

___________ explanation for depression: result of a combination of negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future

learning

___________ explanation for depression: reduction in positive enforcement or increase in negative outcomes

social

___________ explanation for depression: feelings of sadness and loneliness

biological

___________ explanation for depression: heritability is 40%; certain genes affecting serotonin levels

diathesis-stress model

suggests that biological vulnerabilities for a disorder interact with a person's experience of stress

anxiety

_________ is a disorder that is not proportional to a person's circumstances

30

_____ % of americans experience disorders

specific phobias

fears of specific objects or circumstances

social anxiety disorder

unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others

panic disorder

repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks

2.7

% of the population affected by panic disorder

agoraphobia

fear of open spaces, being outside the home, being in a crowd

generalized anxiety disorder

excessive anxiety for 6 months that is not correlated with a specific object

obsessive compulsive disorder

associated with intrusive obsessions and compulsions

2-3

% of the population is affected by OCD

63-87

____%-____% is the concordance rate for OCD

body dysmorphic disorder

unrealistic perception of physical flaws

PTSD

caused by the experience of trauma, which leads to flashbacks, dreams, hyper vigilance, and avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event

personality disorder

impairments in identity, personality traits, and in establishment of empathy or intimacy

alcohol use disorder

diagnostic criteria: problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems, developed tolerance, risky behavior caused by drinking; 17 million alcohol users have alcohol use disorder

88,000

there are ___________ deaths in a year caused by excessive alcohol

marijuana

most used drug