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• Where does charge come from?

Atoms; protons and electrons

• How do charges interact with each other (ie, what is the force between two charges, and in what direction is the force? Coulomb’s Law)

If a positive charge and a negative charge interact, their forces act in the same direction, from the positive to the negative charge. As a result opposite charges attract each other: The electric field and resulting forces produced by two electrical charges of opposite polarity.

• How can a charged object (like a sock) stick to a neutral object (like the wall)?

Electrostatic induction - the charged object's electric field causes a redistribution of charges within the neutral object, creating an attraction

• How does static electricity build up?

electric charges are exchanged between the surfaces of two objects that come into contact with each other. It’s basically electrostatic induction.

• Why are objects statically charged when coming out of the drier?

the friction of fabrics rubbing together during the tumbling process causes a transfer of electrons, leading to an imbalance of electric charges

• What is electrostatic potential energy?

the stored energy a charged object has due to its position in an electric field, similar to how a ball held high has gravitational potential energy.

• What is voltage?

potential difference, electric pressure, or electric tension is the difference in electric potential between two points.

• If there are voltages differences between two locations, how do charges respond to this difference?

moving from the location with higher potential to the location with lower potential, driven by the electric field created by that voltage difference

• How do fabric softener, hair conditioner, etc, work to reduce static electricity?

by coating their surfaces with cationic compounds (positively charged molecules) that neutralize the negative charges that cause static cling, thereby reducing friction and static buildup

• What is a photoconductor, and why is it crucial for how a photocopier works?

A photoconductor is a material that conducts electricity when exposed to light, and it's crucial in photocopiers because it forms the basis of the image-forming process by creating a latent image that attracts toner

• What is an electric field?

a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects

• What does an electric field look like around a charge?

An electric field around a positive charge is visually represented as lines radiating outwards from the charge, while around a negative charge, the lines would point inwards towards the charge; essentially, the field lines "point away" from positive charges and "towards" negative charges, and the density of these lines indicates the strength of the field at any given point, with denser lines signifying a stronger field

• What is the force an electric field exerts on a charge?

An electric field exerts a force on a charged particle, given by the formula F = qE, where F is the force, q is the charge, and E is the electric field strength

• Know that an electric field is a voltage gradient, and what this means about the voltage and electric field inside a conductor (like a disk or a metal cage).

Voltage gradient - the change in electric potential (voltage) over a distance

• What is current?

the flow of electric charge (usually electrons) through a conductor, measured in amperes (amps)

• What is a closed loop, and open loop, and a short circuit? Know that the current will want to follow the path of least electrical resistance.

a closed loop is a complete path for current flow, an open loop has a break in the path, and a short circuit is an unintended low-resistance path that bypasses the intended load

• Know how to combine batteries to either increase the total voltage in a circuit, or to charge a battery.

• Know the basics of the flashlight circuit (switch, battery, filament), and where the voltage is high and low in this circuit.

In a typical flashlight circuit, the voltage is highest at the battery terminals and lowest at the bulb (or LED) terminals, with a voltage drop occurring as the current flows through the bulb

• Know what the power consumed in a circuit is, combining voltage and current. Know Ohm’s law as well, and how to use these two equations to correctly match an electrical device to a battery.

Ohm's law states that the electric current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points

the rate at which electrical energy is converted into another form of energy, like heat or light, and is calculated by multiplying the voltage (V) by the current (I), expressed in watts (P = V*I)

• What creates magnetism?

the motion of electric charges, whether that's the movement of electrons within atoms or the flow of current in a wire, creating magnetic fields and forces

What is the force two magnetic poles exert on each other?

attractive or repulsive

• What is an electromagnet?

the electrical and magnetic forces or effects produced by an electric current

• What is the relationship between current and magnetic fields?

• What is the difference between AC and DC? Why is AC better for powering all the items in a home?

AC (Alternating Current) and DC (Direct Current) are two fundamental types of electrical current, differing in the direction of flow: AC reverses direction periodically, while DC flows in one directiono AC is more efficient to send over long distances. DC is more efficient over short distances

• What is magnetic induction? Know that a changing magnetic field creates an electric field, which can drive a current in a circuit.

magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field

• How does this work in a transformer? How does a transformer allow us to “transform” the voltage, current, and power from one circuit to another?

a changing magnetic field is created by the alternating current (AC) flowing through the primary coil, which then induces a voltage in the secondary coil, enabling voltage transformation

• What is the energy within an electric field? Within a magnetic field?

Electrical potential energy; Magnetic energy