Cell Structure and Function

These flashcards cover the key concepts of eukaryotic cell structure and function, comparing plant and animal cells, energy metabolism, reproductive processes, macromolecules, and basic chemistry.

What are eukaryotic cells?

Cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

What organelle is responsible for storing genetic information?

Nucleus.

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

It is involved in protein synthesis because it harbors ribosomes.

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

It modifies and sorts proteins from the rough ER.

What is the main function of mitochondria?

They generate ATP for energy metabolism.

What do chloroplasts do in plant cells?

They are the site of photosynthesis, converting sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose.

What structural component is unique to plant cells?

Cell wall.

How do animal cells differ from plant cells in terms of shape and structure?

Animal cells are generally smaller and lack a cell wall.

What process do plant cells use to convert light energy into chemical energy?

Photosynthesis.

What is the main energy production process in animal cells?

Cellular respiration.

What is mitosis?

The process by which a diploid cell divides to form two identical diploid daughter cells.

How many haploid gametes are produced during meiosis?

Four haploid gametes.

What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

Diploid cells have two copies of each chromosome, while haploid cells have one copy.

What type of reaction occurs when glucose is broken down for energy in animal cells?

Cellular respiration.

What are the four main types of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

What is the simplest form of carbohydrate called?

Monosaccharide.

What is a glycosidic bond?

A type of covalent bond linking sugar molecules together.

What is the primary structural difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded.

What do the nitrogenous bases in DNA pair with?

Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.

What is the basic unit of matter?

Atom.

What charge do protons carry?

Positive charge.

What are the three primary states of matter?

Solid, liquid, and gas.

What happens during a chemical reaction?

A chemical substance alters its initial identity and forms a new chemical identity.

What is a combination reaction?

When two substances combine to form a new compound.

What is the law of conservation of mass?

In a chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed.