ap bio bacteria & viruses

archea - archeabacteria

domain of single-celled organisms. extremophiles, heterotrophs-chemotrophs, introns yes, asexual

eubacteria

domain of bacteria. unicellular, heterotrophs-phototrophs, chemotrophs, introns-no, asexual

transformation

bacteria get new DNA from environment

transduction

bacteria get new DNA from viruses

conjugation

the direct transfer of bacterial DNA to each other

bacillus cells

rod shaped

cocci

spherical shape

spirilla

spiral-shaped

diplo-

2 cells

street-

long chains (ex. streptococcus)

staphylo-

grape-like

gram positive

hold purple stain, thick peptidoglycan wall

gram negative

do not hold purple & dyed pink

endospore

resistant, dormant form of bacteria

exotoxins

released by bacteria

endotoxins

components of the cell, membranes can be toxic, released when bacteria die & break down

cell membrane

cyanobacteria that evolved into chloroplasts, some aerobic bacteria have membrane folds like Cristal

autotroph

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

photoheterotroph

use light to make ATP but get C from organic compounds

chemoautotroph

consume organic for both energy + carbon (includes us), most known bacteria

obligate anaerobes

can not tolerate O2

Faculative anaerobes

can live with or without oxygen

obligate aerobes

need O2 to survive

cyanobacteria

blue-green “algae” pong scum, first organism to produce O2

phylum spirochetae

corkscrew

antibiotics

substances produced by organisms that kill bacteria, produced by fungus, bacteria

decomposers

recycling of nutrients from dead to living

nitrogen fixation

only organisms that can fix N from atmosphere

plant diseases

wilts, fruit rots, blights

animal diseases

tooth decay, ulcers, anthrax, botulism, plague, leprosy, flesh-eating disease, STDS (gonorrhoea, chlymydia), typhoid, cholera, TB, pneumonia, Lyme disease

tetra cycline

antibiotic that prevents proteins from being made.

penicillin

& similar cillins prevent formation of a cell wall

biofilms

bacteria attach to surfaces & attract others

Quorom sensing

the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density

pathology

study of disease

koch’s postulates

1. the suspected pathogen must occur in a sick animal but not a healthy one