Lab Animal Health Exam 2

Which animal source provides animals with a verifiable health status from birth?

Class A

Class B dealers

-Purchase and may condition random-source animals for resale

• Incomplete health status; verifiable only since the time the animal was acquired

• Possible unwanted research variable

Wild Caught

• Unknown health status which is not verifiable

• Quarantined for assessment prior to sale

• $$$ - very expensive!

• Wildlife laws and regulations apply

Bred at the research institution

• Provides availability of strains not commercially available

• Health status is verifiable from birth

• Cost-effective option

• Stress of transport to the facility is eliminated because they are bred on-site

Conventional Microbiological status

animals that carry an unknown and uncontrolled variety and number of organisms

Axenic Microbiological status

germ free; absolutely no detectable bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms

Gnotobiotic Microbiological status

define flora; very small numbers of KNOWN microorganisms are present

SPF Microbiological status

only specific microorganisms are absent

Why is the health status of the animal at the time of purchase important?

You minimize the introduction of unknown or unwanted variables when you know the health status at the time of purchase.

An animal with an unknown, uncontrolled variety and number of microorganisms is called:

conventional

Axenic is a term for an animal which has a microbiological status which is:

germ-free

What does 'SPF' stand for?

specific pathogen free

Which of the following outlines the regulations for transport of animals used in research?

AWA (Animal welfare act)

Which of the following is NOT required to be written on the cage card for the animal?

age and weight

What is the purpose of quarantine?

apply permanent ID (if applicable), acclimation period, and verify the health status

Quarantine rooms should be maintained under which of the following conditions?

Negative pressure, biocontainment barriers

What is the acclimation period?

stress recovery and adjustment to husbandry and environment

During which of the following periods will conditioning occur?

quarantine

The typical quarantine period for the average healthy animal is:

72 hrs

The IP route means that you are injecting in which of the following locations?

intraperitoneal

T/F: All animals must enter quarantine upon arrival to a new facility or before moving to a new study at the same facility.

True

AWR

specifies characteristics of shipping containers, temperature ranges, ventilation, and space

Before bringing any containers into the facility, ________________ of all containers according to receiving SOPs

disinfect the outside

Enteral (orally or rectally)

via the GI tract

Parenteral

via other routes that are NOT the GI tract!

(IV, IP, IM, SQ, IC, ID, Epidural, Inhalation, Topical)

Which of the following signs would indicate that barbering of mice is occurring?

alopecia with healthy skin

Porphyrin staining is an indication of which of the following in rodents?

stress, disease, or injury

The direct sentinel program places sentinel animals in which location?

A shared microenvironment with each individual animal on the study.

An acceptable method of euthanasia is one in which:

The method consistently causes rapid death.

Hypoxia causes euthanasia by which of the following methods?

Inadequate supply of oxygen to tissues and cells.

Hypoxia is NOT an appropriate method of euthanasia for which of the following?

Reptiles

Amphibians

Diving ducks and diving mammals.

Which of the following methods of euthanasia would be BEST for a group of animals?

gaseous agents

Adjunctive methods are those which can only be used when:

Animals are unconscious, anesthetized, or insentient.

Which route is considered adjunctive for administration of chemical agents for euthanasia?

IC

Sodium pentobarbital is the most common agent for which category of euthanasia?

chemical agents

What is MS - 222?

A topical chemical agent used for euthanasia.

MS - 222 is commonly used for euthanasia in which species?

amphibians and fish

Which of the following compressed gases is most commonly used for euthanasia?

carbon dioxide

Adjunctive agents are most commonly used for which of the following purposes?

To confirm death in animals which are difficult to assess.

What is a sentinel?

Animals used to detect foreign agents in animals on a study.

T/F: Isolation is for animals that become sick while on a study.

True

T/F: It is less stressful to euthanize animals in a foreign cage that is unknown to them.

False

T/F: Filling the chamber with the gaseous agent before introducing the animal reduces stress.

False

T/F: The euthanasia procedure is NOT complete until you have verified death.

True

Barbering in mice is a sign of what?

dominance

Malocclusion signs in lab animals

smaller than cage/litter mates; underweight; lethargic; abnormally shaped nose/face; hunched posture; abnormal gait

degloving injuries and loss of the tail tip is a sign of what?

improper handling

Direct sentinel program

placed into the same microenvironment as members of the colony

Indirect sentinel program

placed into a separate yet identical microenvironment designed to simulate the exact conditions of the colony's microenvironment

Euthanasia methods result in death via one of these three ways:

• Loss of brain function that sustains basic life processes

• Hypoxia, which is the inadequate supply of oxygen to cells and tissues of the body

• Physical disruption and destruction of brain activity

the most frequently used chemical injectable agent for euthanasia are???

barbiturates

What is the most common barbiturate agent used for euthanasia?

Sodium pentobarbital

Animals must remain submerged in the bath containing MS-222 for __________________ opercular movement stops

10 min AFTER

Clove oil in fish is acceptable???

NO

Gaseous agents that are inhaled are considered _____________________ as a method of euthanasia for small mammals that weigh less than 7 kgs.

acceptable with conditions

Cervical dislocation is only appropriate for the following species when specific conditions are met:

• Mice and rats weighing less than 200 grams

• Rabbits

• Poultry

• Small birds

Decapitation may only be used in _____________________ animals with justification and approval from IACUC!

unanesthetized

What is the purpose of performing a dilution?

Measure, administer, and absorb correctly for the patient.

How do you convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?

(F-32)/1.8 = Celsius

How should you move the decimal to convert liters to milliliters?

3 places to the right

Unwanted variables are problematic if they occur during the study because:

Data analysis may be compromised and results altered.

During which step in experimental design will you state your hypothesis?

Step 2: Design the experiment.

Your study is not complete until you perform which of the following?

report your findings

t/F: Changes or differences in husbandry or macroenvironment for animals in the same study can introduce unwanted variables.

true

What is favoritism?

Bias in a study caused by handling and interacting differently with animals on the same study.

If you have a rat weighing 550 grams, how many kilograms does this same rat weigh?

550/1000= 0.55kg

How do you convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?

(C x 1.8) + 32

To determine the volume (mls) of sterile water or saline needed, you need to........

subtract

22 mls new stock solution - 1 ml (xylazine) =

21 mls of sterile water/saline required to dilute

What is the scientific name for the laboratory rat?

Rattus norvegicus

Which rat stock is known as the 'hooded rat'?

Long-Evans

The front teeth of rats grow continuously throughout their lives and are called:

incisors

Rat pups are weaned at how many days of age?

20-21

What is NOT usually considered a sign of illness or distress in a rat?

sleeping during the day

Which of the following methods of euthanasia would not be acceptable in an adult rat weighing over 200 grams?

cervical dislocation

Which two mating systems are commonly used in rats?

Monogamous, polygamous

Ring tail is a condition of rats that can occur when the humidity is:

less than 20%

What is the scientific name for the Syrian hamster?

Mesocricetus auratus

What wood is toxic to rats?

cedar and pine

What is NOT an appropriate method for handling hamsters?

picking them up by the tail

Which antibiotic should never be used in hamsters?

penicillin

What is a characteristic of hamsters?

They hibernate when the temperature drops.

What is an anatomical feature of hamsters?

Expandable cheek pouches

Rat diets

20-25% protein and 4% fat

Rat water intake

15 ml water/100g BW per day

mammary fibroadenoma

common subcutaneous tumor of rats; not cancerous and does not spread; can be on back or flank away from nipples in either sex; surgical removal is usually curative

Pituitary chromophobe adenoma

An extremely common tumor of rats that is more common in female rats; benign and slow growing; factors include age, genetic factors, diet, breeding history, infections, injury

Acariasis

-Transmitted by direct contact with an infested animal or the environment of that animal

- Mites commonly found on dorsum of affected animals

- Clinical signs may range from asymptomatic to mild alopecia to severe pruritus and ulcerative dermatitis

What are hamsters used for in research?

diabetes research, cancer research and genetic studies, and dental research

What anatomy do hamsters lack?

lymphatic vessels

Do hamsters vomit?

NO

What are the 4 different mating systems in hamsters?

Hand, Harem, Intermittent, Monogamous pair mating

What zoonotic virus do hamsters carry?

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

(Presents as flu-like symptoms but may develop into meningitis)

What parasite is spread through hamster urine?

Leptospira spp.

What are genes made from?

DNA

What is the term for a fertilized ovum?

zygote

Which of the following cells do NOT have paired chromosomes?

ovocytes

How long after mating can mucous plugs remain in the rodent's vagina?

24 hrs

What is the scientific name for the common laboratory mouse?

Mus musculus

What is the term used when a mouse chews the hair off its cage mates?

barbering