Social Psychology Exam #2 Mod.14-22

Module 14

Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence

The ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions.

What are the four specific abilities included in EI?

• perceiving,

• using,

• understanding,

• managing emotions

What is the Four Branch Model

An ability model developed by Drs. Peter Salovey and John Mayer that includes four main components of EI, arranged in hierarchical order, beginning with basic psychological processes and advancing to integrative psychological processes.

What are the four branches of the Four Branch Model?

• perception of emotion,

• use of emotion to facilitate thinking

• understanding emotion

• management of emotion

Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT)

A 141-item performance assessment of EI that measures the four emotion abilities (as defined by the four-branch model of EI) with a total of eight tasks.

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What are the 3 primary models of EI?

• Ability model

• mixed models

• trait EI model

Ability model

An approach that views EI as a standard intelligence that utilizes a distinct set of mental abilities that (1) are intercorrelated, (2) relate to other extant intelligences, and (3) develop with age and experience

Mixed and Trait Models

Approaches that view EI as a combination of self-perceived emotion skills, personality traits, and attitudes.

What are the two common mixed models?

Boyatzis-Goleman Model

Bar on Model

Mod. 15

The Psychology of Groups

What is the Need to Belong?

A pervasive drive to form and maintain a minimum amount of lasting, positive, and impactful interpersonal relationships.

What is social comparison?

people join in with others to evaluate accuracy of personal beliefs and attitudes

What is social identity theory?

A theoretical analysis of group processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups influence their members’ self-concepts and self-esteem, particularly when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify with the group.

What is social facilitation?

Improvement in task performance that occurs when people work in the presence of other people.

When does it happen?

Performance increases within groups for dominant responses (simple tasks) and decreases with non-dominant responses (difficult or unknown tasks)

social loafing

The reduction of individual effort exerted when people work in groups compared with when they work alone.

What are the two key ingredients to effective team work?

1. shared mental representation of task

2. group unity

What is group cohesion?

integrity, solidarity, social integration, or unity of a group

What are Tuckman’s 5 Group Development stages?

1. Forming- gather info about each other

2. Storming- disagreements and increase in conflict

3. Norming- group agrees on goals increase stability

4. Performing- focus energy on goals make decisions

5. Adjourning- group prepares to disband decrease dependency finish things up

Group polarization

The tendency for members of a deliberating group to move to a more extreme position, with the direction of the shift determined by the majority or average of the members’ predeliberation preferences

Groupthink

A set of negative group-level processes, including illusions of invulnerability, self-censorship, and pressures to conform, that occur when highly cohesive groups seek concurrence when making a decision

What are 4 group-level factors to groupthink?

1. Cohesion- only occurs in cohesive groups

2. Isolation- isolated from outsiders work behind closed doors

3. Biased Leadership- biased leader who exerts too much authority

4. Decisional stress- group think increase when team is stress especially time pressure

What are solutions to Groupthink?

have devil’s advocate

pros and cons list

split into smaller groups

collective self-esteem

Feelings of self-worth that are based on evaluation of relationships with others and membership in social groups.

Common knowledge effect

The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing information that all members know (shared information) and less time examining information that only a few members know (unshared).

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Shared mental model

Knowledge, expectations, conceptualizations, and other cognitive representations that members of a group have in common pertaining to the group and its members, tasks, procedures, and resources.

Sociometer model

A conceptual analysis of self-evaluation processes that theorizes self-esteem functions to psychologically monitor of one’s degree of inclusion and exclusion in social groups.

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Mod 16

Conformity and Obedience

conformity

Changing one’s attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm.

What are 2 reasons for conformity?

Normative influence

informational influence

Normative influence?

Conformity that results from a concern for what other people think of us.

Informational influence

Conformity that results from a concern to act in a socially approved manner as determined by how others act.

Descriptive Norms

The perception of what most people do in a given situation.

What are reasearchers who study obedience interested in?

how people react when given an order or command from someone in position of authority

What is the Milgram Experiment?

The Milgram Experiment was a social psychology experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram in 1961 to study obedience to authority figures. Participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to a "learner" (who was actually a confederate) when they answered questions incorrectly. The experiment demonstrated that people were willing to obey authority figures even when it meant causing harm to others.

Mod 17

Persuasion: So easily fooled

Persuasion

process by which message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors

What are 2 paths to persuasion?

Central and Peripheral

What is central route?

Persuasion that employs direct, relevant, logical messages.

What is peripheral route?

persuasion that relies on superficial cues that have little to do with logic

What are fixed action patterns? FAPs

Sequences of behavior that occur in exactly the same fashion, in exactly the same order, every time they are elicited.

What are trigger features?

Specific, sometimes minute, aspects of a situation that activate fixed action patterns.

what is the triad of trust?

1. Perceived authority

2. Honesty

3. Likability

Four common ways to manipulate trustworthiness?

1. testimonials and endorsements

2. presenting message as education

3. Word of mouth

4. The maven

What is the Maven?

grass-roots find that one person that is trustworthy in a community and use them to spread message

Other ways to manipulate trustworthiness?

1. reciprocity

2. social proof

3. foot-in-the-door

4. door-in-the-face

5. and thats not all!

6. sunk cost trap

7. scarcity and psychological reactance

Norm of reciprocity

The normative pressure to repay, in equitable value, what another person has given to us.

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Social Proof

The mental shortcut based on the assumption that, if everyone is doing it, it must be right.

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Foot-in-door

Obtaining a small, initial commitment.

Gradually escalating commitments

used in Foot-in-door. A pattern of small, progressively escalating demands is less likely to be rejected than a single large demand made all at once.

Door-in-face

ask for something big and then when it is rejected ask for something smaller

The rule of scarcity

People tend to perceive things as more attractive when their availability is limited, or when they stand to lose the opportunity to acquire them on favorable terms.

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Psychological reactance

A reaction to people, rules, requirements, or offerings that are perceived to limit freedoms.

Mod 18

Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping

What is a stereotype?

Stereotype is a belief that characterizes people based merely on their group membership.

What is Prejudice?

Prejudice is an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership.

What is discrimination?

Discrimination is behavior that advantages or disadvantages people merely based on their group membership.

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Blatant Biases?

Blatant biases are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, are mostly hostile, and openly favor their own group.

Social Dominance Orientation? SDO

describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and even good, to maintain order and stability.

Increased SDO leads to…

\-more politically conservative

\-decrease in tolerance, empathy, and altruism

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Right Wing Authoritarianism? RWA

focuses on value conflicts but endorses respect for obedience and authority in the service of group conformity.

Implicit Bias (subtle or automatic bias)?

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Subtle biases are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but real in their consequences.

How to measure subtle bias?

Implicit Association Test: how quickly people sort words or pictures into categories

Social Identity Theory?

Social identity theory notes that people categorize each other into groups, favoring their own group.

aversive racism

unexamined racial bias that the person does not intend and would reject, but that avoids inter-racial contact.

example: white person being uncomfy around black person

model minority

A minority group whose members are perceived as achieving a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the population average.

Stereotype content model

social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence.

Mod. 19

Aggression and Violence