Studied by 11 people
Module 14
Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence
The ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions.
What are the four specific abilities included in EI?
perceiving,
using,
understanding,
managing emotions
What is the Four Branch Model
An ability model developed by Drs. Peter Salovey and John Mayer that includes four main components of EI, arranged in hierarchical order, beginning with basic psychological processes and advancing to integrative psychological processes.
What are the four branches of the Four Branch Model?
perception of emotion,
use of emotion to facilitate thinking
understanding emotion
management of emotion
Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT)
A 141-item performance assessment of EI that measures the four emotion abilities (as defined by the four-branch model of EI) with a total of eight tasks.
What are the 3 primary models of EI?
Ability model
mixed models
trait EI model
Ability model
An approach that views EI as a standard intelligence that utilizes a distinct set of mental abilities that (1) are intercorrelated, (2) relate to other extant intelligences, and (3) develop with age and experience
Mixed and Trait Models
Approaches that view EI as a combination of self-perceived emotion skills, personality traits, and attitudes.
What are the two common mixed models?
Boyatzis-Goleman Model
Bar on Model
Mod. 15
The Psychology of Groups
What is the Need to Belong?
A pervasive drive to form and maintain a minimum amount of lasting, positive, and impactful interpersonal relationships.
What is social comparison?
people join in with others to evaluate accuracy of personal beliefs and attitudes
What is social identity theory?
A theoretical analysis of group processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups influence their members’ self-concepts and self-esteem, particularly when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify with the group.
What is social facilitation?
Improvement in task performance that occurs when people work in the presence of other people.
When does it happen?
Performance increases within groups for dominant responses (simple tasks) and decreases with non-dominant responses (difficult or unknown tasks)
social loafing
The reduction of individual effort exerted when people work in groups compared with when they work alone.
What are the two key ingredients to effective team work?
shared mental representation of task
group unity
What is group cohesion?
integrity, solidarity, social integration, or unity of a group
What are Tuckman’s 5 Group Development stages?
Forming- gather info about each other
Storming- disagreements and increase in conflict
Norming- group agrees on goals increase stability
Performing- focus energy on goals make decisions
Adjourning- group prepares to disband decrease dependency finish things up
Group polarization
The tendency for members of a deliberating group to move to a more extreme position, with the direction of the shift determined by the majority or average of the members’ predeliberation preferences
Groupthink
A set of negative group-level processes, including illusions of invulnerability, self-censorship, and pressures to conform, that occur when highly cohesive groups seek concurrence when making a decision
What are 4 group-level factors to groupthink?
Cohesion- only occurs in cohesive groups
Isolation- isolated from outsiders work behind closed doors
Biased Leadership- biased leader who exerts too much authority
Decisional stress- group think increase when team is stress especially time pressure
What are solutions to Groupthink?
have devil’s advocate
pros and cons list
split into smaller groups
collective self-esteem
Feelings of self-worth that are based on evaluation of relationships with others and membership in social groups.
Common knowledge effect
The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing information that all members know (shared information) and less time examining information that only a few members know (unshared).
Shared mental model
Knowledge, expectations, conceptualizations, and other cognitive representations that members of a group have in common pertaining to the group and its members, tasks, procedures, and resources.
Sociometer model
A conceptual analysis of self-evaluation processes that theorizes self-esteem functions to psychologically monitor of one’s degree of inclusion and exclusion in social groups.
Mod 16
Conformity and Obedience
conformity
Changing one’s attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm.
What are 2 reasons for conformity?
Normative influence
informational influence
Normative influence?
Conformity that results from a concern for what other people think of us.
Informational influence
Conformity that results from a concern to act in a socially approved manner as determined by how others act.
Descriptive Norms
The perception of what most people do in a given situation.
What are reasearchers who study obedience interested in?
how people react when given an order or command from someone in position of authority
What is the Milgram Experiment?
The Milgram Experiment was a social psychology experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram in 1961 to study obedience to authority figures. Participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to a "learner" (who was actually a confederate) when they answered questions incorrectly. The experiment demonstrated that people were willing to obey authority figures even when it meant causing harm to others.
Mod 17
Persuasion: So easily fooled
Persuasion
process by which message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors
What are 2 paths to persuasion?
Central and Peripheral
What is central route?
Persuasion that employs direct, relevant, logical messages.
What is peripheral route?
persuasion that relies on superficial cues that have little to do with logic
What are fixed action patterns? FAPs
Sequences of behavior that occur in exactly the same fashion, in exactly the same order, every time they are elicited.
What are trigger features?
Specific, sometimes minute, aspects of a situation that activate fixed action patterns.
what is the triad of trust?
Perceived authority
Honesty
Likability
Four common ways to manipulate trustworthiness?
testimonials and endorsements
presenting message as education
Word of mouth
The maven
What is the Maven?
grass-roots find that one person that is trustworthy in a community and use them to spread message
Other ways to manipulate trustworthiness?
reciprocity
social proof
foot-in-the-door
door-in-the-face
and thats not all!
sunk cost trap
scarcity and psychological reactance
Norm of reciprocity
The normative pressure to repay, in equitable value, what another person has given to us.
Social Proof
The mental shortcut based on the assumption that, if everyone is doing it, it must be right.
Foot-in-door
Obtaining a small, initial commitment.
Gradually escalating commitments
used in Foot-in-door. A pattern of small, progressively escalating demands is less likely to be rejected than a single large demand made all at once.
Door-in-face
ask for something big and then when it is rejected ask for something smaller
The rule of scarcity
People tend to perceive things as more attractive when their availability is limited, or when they stand to lose the opportunity to acquire them on favorable terms.
Psychological reactance
A reaction to people, rules, requirements, or offerings that are perceived to limit freedoms.
Mod 18
Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping
What is a stereotype?
Stereotype is a belief that characterizes people based merely on their group membership.
What is Prejudice?
Prejudice is an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership.
What is discrimination?
Discrimination is behavior that advantages or disadvantages people merely based on their group membership.
Blatant Biases?
Blatant biases are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, are mostly hostile, and openly favor their own group.
Social Dominance Orientation? SDO
describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and even good, to maintain order and stability.
Increased SDO leads to…
-more politically conservative
-decrease in tolerance, empathy, and altruism
Right Wing Authoritarianism? RWA
focuses on value conflicts but endorses respect for obedience and authority in the service of group conformity.
Implicit Bias (subtle or automatic bias)?
Subtle biases are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but real in their consequences.
How to measure subtle bias?
Implicit Association Test: how quickly people sort words or pictures into categories
Social Identity Theory?
Social identity theory notes that people categorize each other into groups, favoring their own group.
aversive racism
unexamined racial bias that the person does not intend and would reject, but that avoids inter-racial contact.
example: white person being uncomfy around black person
model minority
A minority group whose members are perceived as achieving a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the population average.
Stereotype content model
social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence.
Mod. 19
Aggression and Violence
Note
Flashcard