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autotroph
Organisms that can produce their own food using sunlight or inorganic compounds, such as plants through photosynthesis or certain bacteria through chemosynthesis.
heterotroph
Organism that cannot produce its own food and relies on consuming other organisms for energy and nutrients.
photosynthesis
The process by which plants convert sunlight into energy by producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.
cellular respiration
Process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Occurs in mitochondria and produces ATP for cell functions.
chloroplast
Organelle found in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs, converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
Xylem
Vascular tissue in plants that transports water and nutrients from roots to the rest of the plant. Contains tracheids and vessel elements.
Phloem
Vascular tissue in plants that transports sugars and other organic compounds from leaves to the rest of the plant for growth and energy.
pigment
A substance that gives color to an object or material.
Mesophyll (spongy, palisade)
Tissue in plant leaves where photosynthesis occurs, containing palisade mesophyll for photosynthesis and spongy mesophyll for gas exchange.
Stomata
Small pores found on the surface of leaves that regulate gas exchange and water loss in plants through opening and closing.
guard cells
Specialized cells in plant leaves that control the opening and closing of stomata to regulate gas exchange and water loss.
Chlorophyll
Green pigment in plants, Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis, Essential for converting light energy into chemical energy
Light dependent reactions
Occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involve the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
Calvin cycle/Light-ind. reactions
The second stage of photosynthesis where ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used to convert CO2 into glucose.
ATP
The primary energy currency of cells, storing and transferring energy for cellular processes through the hydrolysis of its high-energy phosphate bonds.
ADP
A molecule formed when ATP loses a phosphate group, releasing energy used for cellular processes like muscle contraction and active transport.
NADP+
A coenzyme involved in anabolic reactions, such as photosynthesis, where it carries electrons. It is reduced to NADPH during these processes.
thylakoid
Membrane-bound compartments in chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs, containing chlorophyll and other pigments.
stroma
Fluid-filled space within the chloroplast, where the Calvin cycle takes place in photosynthesis.
