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Eukaryotic Cells
Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells without a nucleus, simpler structure.
Cell Theory
Cells are fundamental units of life.
Metabolism
Chemical processes for maintaining life.
Genome
Complete set of genetic material in a cell.
Plasma Membrane
Barrier controlling communication with environment.
Cell Composition
90% water, 50% protein, 15% carbohydrates.
Ribosomes
Molecular machines for protein synthesis.
Subcellular Organelles
Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells.
Microscopy Techniques
Methods for visualizing cell structures.
Subcellular Fractionation
Separation of cellular components for analysis.
Flow Cytometry
Technique for analyzing cell characteristics.
Cell Wall
Rigid outer layer in some prokaryotic cells.
Peptidoglycan
Polymer forming prokaryotic cell walls.
Cell Size Comparison
Eukaryotic cells are 10 times larger than prokaryotic.
Nuclear Envelope
Membrane enclosing eukaryotic cell's genetic material.
ATP
Energy currency of the cell.
NAD
Coenzyme involved in redox reactions.
Cellular Processes
Enzymatic reactions driving cell functions.
Immune Receptors
Detect bacterial infections via peptidoglycan.
Electron Micrograph
High-resolution image of cellular structures.
Fern Root Tip Cells
Example of visible cells in microscopy.
Urine Collecting Ducts
Example of cellular structure in kidneys.
Cell Cycle
Series of events leading to cell division.
Cell Signalling
Communication processes between cells.
Cell Culture Techniques
Methods for growing and manipulating cells in the lab.
Light Microscopy
Basic technique to visualize cells and components.
Fluorescence Microscopy
Technique for detailed imaging of cellular components.
Electron Microscopy (EM)
High-resolution imaging technique using electron beams.
Transmission EM (TEM)
EM type for viewing thin tissue cross sections.
Scanning EM (SEM)
EM type for examining surface details of samples.
Kupffer Cell
Specialized liver macrophage removing blood particulates.
Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF)
Measurement of centrifugal force during centrifugation.
Centrifugation
Process of spinning samples to separate components.
Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorter (FACS)
Device used in flow cytometry for cell sorting.
Laser Beam Deflection
Method to measure cell properties in flow cytometry.
Fluorescent Tags
Labels used to identify specific proteins in cells.
Cell Sorting
Process of separating cells based on specific properties.
Membrane Bound Organelles
Organelles enclosed by membranes in eukaryotic cells.
Cellular Components
Various structures within a cell, such as organelles.
3D Imaging
Visualization technique providing three-dimensional views.
2D Imaging
Visualization technique providing two-dimensional views.
Centrifuge
Device used to perform centrifugation processes.
Supernatant
Liquid remaining after centrifugation of cell components.
Pellet
Solid residue collected after centrifugation.
Cell Lysing
Process of breaking open cells to study contents.
Cell Characteristics
Attributes such as size and granularity measured in flow cytometry.
Protein Expression
Production of specific proteins within cells.
Intracellular Protein Transport
Mechanisms for moving proteins within cells.
Nuclear Pores
Entry and exit sites for nuclear transport.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Organelle for protein synthesis and processing.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse organelles involved in energy production.
Chloroplasts
Plant organelles for photosynthesis.
Transport Vesicles
Membrane-bound carriers for protein transport.
Lipid Bilayer
Double layer of lipids forming cell membranes.
Hydrophilic Head
Water-attracting part of a lipid molecule.
Hydrophobic Tail
Water-repelling part of a lipid molecule.
Nuclear Envelope
Double membrane surrounding the nucleus.
Signal Sequence
Amino acid sequence directing protein localization.
KEDL
Signal sequence for ER localization.
Nuclear Localisation Sequence (NLS)
Sequence required for nuclear protein entry.
Nucleoporins
Proteins forming nuclear pore complexes.
Nuclear Transport Receptors
Proteins guiding cargo into the nucleus.
GTP Hydrolysis
Energy source for nuclear transport processes.
Ran-GTP
Protein facilitating nuclear transport receptor function.
Translocase of the Inner Membrane (TIM)
Complex for mitochondrial protein import.
Transporter Outer Membrane (TOM)
Complex recognizing mitochondrial signal sequences.
Endomembrane System
Network of membranes for cellular transport.
Rough ER
ER with ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Electron Micrograph (EM)
High-resolution imaging technique for cellular structures.
Cytosol
Fluid component of the cytoplasm.
Free Ribosomes
Ribosomes not attached to ER, synthesizing cytosolic proteins.
Membrane-Enclosed Organelles
Organelles surrounded by lipid membranes.
Compartmentalization
Separation of cellular processes within membranes.
Protein Fibrils
Structures projecting from nuclear pore complexes.
Cytosolic Proteins
Proteins functioning within the cytosol.
TOM Complex
Translocator of the Outer Membrane for mitochondrial proteins.
TIM Complex
Translocase of the Inner Membrane for mitochondrial proteins.
Chaperone Proteins
Assist in protein translocation and refolding inside mitochondria.
Signal Peptidase
Enzyme that cleaves signal sequence post-translocation.
Polyribosome
Multiple ribosomes translating a single mRNA molecule.
Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)
Guides ribosomes to ER for protein translocation.
Translocation Channel
Channel in ER membrane for protein transport.
Water-Soluble Proteins
Proteins that completely cross ER membrane into lumen.
Transmembrane Proteins
Proteins that partially embed in the ER membrane.
Stop Transfer Sequence
Hydrophobic sequence halting protein transfer into ER.
Start Transfer Sequence
Initiates translocation of proteins into the ER.
Internal Signal Sequence
Starts transfer of proteins within the membrane.
Membrane-Spanning Segment
Region anchoring transmembrane proteins in lipid bilayer.
Mitochondrial DNA
DNA within mitochondria, allowing protein synthesis.
Vesicles
Transport carriers for proteins to organelles or membranes.
Cleavage
Process of removing the signal sequence from proteins.
Affinity
Attraction between signal sequence and mitochondrial receptor.
Protein Folding
Process of achieving 3D structure post-translocation.
ER Signal Sequence
Hydrophobic amino acids directing proteins to the ER.
Lumen
Interior space of the ER where proteins are released.
Hydrophobic Amino Acids
Amino acids that facilitate membrane protein insertion.
Contact Site
Area where mitochondrial membranes are closely aligned.
Backsliding Prevention
Chaperone proteins prevent proteins from exiting translocation.
Multi-Pass Proteins
Proteins with multiple hydrophobic regions spanning membranes.