Eukaryotic Cell Structure

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181 Terms

1

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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2

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a nucleus, simpler structure.

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3

Cell Theory

Cells are fundamental units of life.

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4

Metabolism

Chemical processes for maintaining life.

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5

Genome

Complete set of genetic material in a cell.

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6

Plasma Membrane

Barrier controlling communication with environment.

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7

Cell Composition

90% water, 50% protein, 15% carbohydrates.

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8

Ribosomes

Molecular machines for protein synthesis.

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9

Subcellular Organelles

Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells.

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10

Microscopy Techniques

Methods for visualizing cell structures.

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11

Subcellular Fractionation

Separation of cellular components for analysis.

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12

Flow Cytometry

Technique for analyzing cell characteristics.

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13

Cell Wall

Rigid outer layer in some prokaryotic cells.

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14

Peptidoglycan

Polymer forming prokaryotic cell walls.

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15

Cell Size Comparison

Eukaryotic cells are 10 times larger than prokaryotic.

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16

Nuclear Envelope

Membrane enclosing eukaryotic cell's genetic material.

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17

ATP

Energy currency of the cell.

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18

NAD

Coenzyme involved in redox reactions.

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19

Cellular Processes

Enzymatic reactions driving cell functions.

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20

Immune Receptors

Detect bacterial infections via peptidoglycan.

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21

Electron Micrograph

High-resolution image of cellular structures.

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22

Fern Root Tip Cells

Example of visible cells in microscopy.

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23

Urine Collecting Ducts

Example of cellular structure in kidneys.

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24

Cell Cycle

Series of events leading to cell division.

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25

Cell Signalling

Communication processes between cells.

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26

Cell Culture Techniques

Methods for growing and manipulating cells in the lab.

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27

Light Microscopy

Basic technique to visualize cells and components.

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28

Fluorescence Microscopy

Technique for detailed imaging of cellular components.

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29

Electron Microscopy (EM)

High-resolution imaging technique using electron beams.

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30

Transmission EM (TEM)

EM type for viewing thin tissue cross sections.

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31

Scanning EM (SEM)

EM type for examining surface details of samples.

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32

Kupffer Cell

Specialized liver macrophage removing blood particulates.

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33

Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF)

Measurement of centrifugal force during centrifugation.

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34

Centrifugation

Process of spinning samples to separate components.

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35

Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorter (FACS)

Device used in flow cytometry for cell sorting.

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36

Laser Beam Deflection

Method to measure cell properties in flow cytometry.

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37

Fluorescent Tags

Labels used to identify specific proteins in cells.

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38

Cell Sorting

Process of separating cells based on specific properties.

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39

Membrane Bound Organelles

Organelles enclosed by membranes in eukaryotic cells.

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40

Cellular Components

Various structures within a cell, such as organelles.

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41

3D Imaging

Visualization technique providing three-dimensional views.

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42

2D Imaging

Visualization technique providing two-dimensional views.

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43

Centrifuge

Device used to perform centrifugation processes.

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44

Supernatant

Liquid remaining after centrifugation of cell components.

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45

Pellet

Solid residue collected after centrifugation.

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46

Cell Lysing

Process of breaking open cells to study contents.

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47

Cell Characteristics

Attributes such as size and granularity measured in flow cytometry.

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48

Protein Expression

Production of specific proteins within cells.

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49

Intracellular Protein Transport

Mechanisms for moving proteins within cells.

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50

Nuclear Pores

Entry and exit sites for nuclear transport.

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51

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Organelle for protein synthesis and processing.

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52

Mitochondria

Powerhouse organelles involved in energy production.

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53

Chloroplasts

Plant organelles for photosynthesis.

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54

Transport Vesicles

Membrane-bound carriers for protein transport.

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55

Lipid Bilayer

Double layer of lipids forming cell membranes.

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56

Hydrophilic Head

Water-attracting part of a lipid molecule.

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57

Hydrophobic Tail

Water-repelling part of a lipid molecule.

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58

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus.

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59

Signal Sequence

Amino acid sequence directing protein localization.

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60

KEDL

Signal sequence for ER localization.

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61

Nuclear Localisation Sequence (NLS)

Sequence required for nuclear protein entry.

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62

Nucleoporins

Proteins forming nuclear pore complexes.

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63

Nuclear Transport Receptors

Proteins guiding cargo into the nucleus.

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64

GTP Hydrolysis

Energy source for nuclear transport processes.

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65

Ran-GTP

Protein facilitating nuclear transport receptor function.

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66

Translocase of the Inner Membrane (TIM)

Complex for mitochondrial protein import.

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67

Transporter Outer Membrane (TOM)

Complex recognizing mitochondrial signal sequences.

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68

Endomembrane System

Network of membranes for cellular transport.

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69

Rough ER

ER with ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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70

Electron Micrograph (EM)

High-resolution imaging technique for cellular structures.

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71

Cytosol

Fluid component of the cytoplasm.

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72

Free Ribosomes

Ribosomes not attached to ER, synthesizing cytosolic proteins.

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73

Membrane-Enclosed Organelles

Organelles surrounded by lipid membranes.

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74

Compartmentalization

Separation of cellular processes within membranes.

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75

Protein Fibrils

Structures projecting from nuclear pore complexes.

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76

Cytosolic Proteins

Proteins functioning within the cytosol.

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77

TOM Complex

Translocator of the Outer Membrane for mitochondrial proteins.

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78

TIM Complex

Translocase of the Inner Membrane for mitochondrial proteins.

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79

Chaperone Proteins

Assist in protein translocation and refolding inside mitochondria.

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80

Signal Peptidase

Enzyme that cleaves signal sequence post-translocation.

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81

Polyribosome

Multiple ribosomes translating a single mRNA molecule.

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82

Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)

Guides ribosomes to ER for protein translocation.

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83

Translocation Channel

Channel in ER membrane for protein transport.

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84

Water-Soluble Proteins

Proteins that completely cross ER membrane into lumen.

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85

Transmembrane Proteins

Proteins that partially embed in the ER membrane.

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86

Stop Transfer Sequence

Hydrophobic sequence halting protein transfer into ER.

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87

Start Transfer Sequence

Initiates translocation of proteins into the ER.

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Internal Signal Sequence

Starts transfer of proteins within the membrane.

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89

Membrane-Spanning Segment

Region anchoring transmembrane proteins in lipid bilayer.

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90

Mitochondrial DNA

DNA within mitochondria, allowing protein synthesis.

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91

Vesicles

Transport carriers for proteins to organelles or membranes.

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92

Cleavage

Process of removing the signal sequence from proteins.

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93

Affinity

Attraction between signal sequence and mitochondrial receptor.

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94

Protein Folding

Process of achieving 3D structure post-translocation.

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95

ER Signal Sequence

Hydrophobic amino acids directing proteins to the ER.

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96

Lumen

Interior space of the ER where proteins are released.

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97

Hydrophobic Amino Acids

Amino acids that facilitate membrane protein insertion.

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98

Contact Site

Area where mitochondrial membranes are closely aligned.

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99

Backsliding Prevention

Chaperone proteins prevent proteins from exiting translocation.

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100

Multi-Pass Proteins

Proteins with multiple hydrophobic regions spanning membranes.

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