IB Geo Unit 1

Population Distribution

how population is spread out in an area

population density

Number of people in a given area, usually measured in KM2

Demographic Transition Model

a model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy

Megacity

City with more than 10 million people

Physical Factors impacting Population

Climate, Fresh Water Access, Costal Access, Elevation/Relief, Natural Resources, Soils, Prevalence of Natural Disasters

Human Factors Impacting Population

Employment opportunities, Geopolitical challenges, Government Policies, History

Economic Development

improving economy through knowledge/technology. Moving from primary to secondary to tertiary economy.

Human Development Index (HDI)

An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

Low Income Country

a nation that has a per capita income of less than $1,145; a third of the world's population.

Low-Middle Income Country

a nation that has a per capita income of between $1,146-$4,515

Upper-Middle Income Country

a nation that has a per capita income of between $4,516-$14,005

High Income Country

a nation that has a per capita income greater than $14,006

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.

Gross National Income (GNI)

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

An adjustment in GDP per capita to compare different countries by adjusting cost of goods/services

per capita

per person

GNI per capita

Gross national income divided by the number of people in the population.

Primary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

Secondary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

Tertiary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

Infant Mortality Rate

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.

Quaternary Sector

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

Crude Birth Rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Elderly Dependency Ratio

The number of elderly dependents in a population (usually people older than 64 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

Youth Dependency Ratio

The number of young dependents in a population (usually people younger than 15 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

Child Mortality Rate

the number of children dying before their fifth birthday, expressed as deaths per 1,000 live births in a specific year

sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

replacement rate

the total fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself. Globally, this figure is approximately 2.1.

Voluntary Migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

Involuntary Migration (Forced)

The migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will.

Push factors of migration

negative conditions that encourage a population to leave its home

Pull factors of migration

positive conditions that encourage a population to move into an area

Core-periphery Model

A concept in geography that describes the spatial relationship between developed 'core' regions and less developed 'periphery' regions. This model highlights how economic, political, and cultural activities are concentrated in core areas, while peripheral regions often face challenges such as limited resources, lower levels of industrialization, and less political power.

Lorenze Curve

A graphical representation of wealth or income distribution. It is the cumulative percentage of total national income plotted against the cumulative percentage of the corresponding population (ranked in increasing size of share).

refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Gini Coefficient

A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from zero for complete equality, to one if one person has all the income.=measure between actual curve and line of perfect equality

population momentum

the continued growth of a population even after fertility rates are down to replacement level.

pro-natalist policy

A population policy designed to encourage fertility through the use both of incentives and deterrents.

Anti-natalist policy

A population policy designed to limit fertility through the use both of incentives and deterrents. (See China One Child Policy 1979-2015)

Population Projection

estimate of future population size, age, and sex composition

Family Planning

the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. NIR = (CBR-CDR)/10

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Child Mortality Rate (CMR)

A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population

Factors affecting mortality

Income, Literacy/education, access to food/water, health care, sanitation, shelter, etc.

Factors affecting fertility

changes in women's roles; national & international population control efforts; increasing age of 1st marriage; increasing divorce rates; increasing longevity; increase in # of households

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Criticism of DTM

-original model didn't include stage 5
-Eurocentric: assumes all countries follow European sequence
-ignores differences within a country
-can't predict when a country will reach a stage
-does not take into account government policies
-does not include impact of migration, only deaths and births
-can't predict pandemics, new diseases, or war

Consequences of Population Decline

- Changes to the population structure
Growth in the dependency ratio: The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years
- More economic pressure on the workforce
- Difficulty funding social welfare programs
- Crisis in end-of-life care
- Decline in military strength
- Decline in innovation
- Deflation / Possible recession
- Strain on mental health

Aging Population

A demographic trend that occurs as the average age of a population rises

internally displaced people

someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders

Strategies for reversing population decline

- increase fertility
- increase immigration

net reproduction rate

the mean number of daughters a woman is likely to have. Takes the TFR, female mortality and the sex/ratio at birth.

solutions to aging population

-increase income tax
-mean-tested pension (where gov are only given to people of low incomes who do NOT have private pensions)
-obligatory private pensions
-Immigration

Gender gap causes

-Differing access to education/employment opportunities
-Career challenges presented by maternal caregiving expectations
-Discrimination
-Cultural traditions with strict bifurcation of roles

human trafficking

-the illegal transportation and/or exploitation of people
-forced labour or sexual exploitation

demographic dividend

the accelerated economic growth that may result from a decline in a country's mortality and fertility and the subsequent change in the age structure of the population.

Benefits of the demographic dividend

Increased labor supply, increase in savings, decrease in fertility rates, increasing domestic demand brought about by the increasing incomes per capita, decreasing dependency ratios leads to greater consumer spending and economic growth.