Studied by 2 people
AP Bio Unit 3
Enzyme
A protein that acts as a catalyst to accelerate a biochemical reaction.
Active site
The specific region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
Substrate
The reactant molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
Enzyme catalysis
The process by which an enzyme increases the rate of a reaction.
How enzymes affect rate of biological reactions
Enzymes lower the activation energy, thereby increasing the speed at which reactions occur.
Environmental impacts on enzyme function
Factors such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration that can affect the activity of enzymes.
Coupled reactions
Reactions in which one reaction releases energy that is used to drive another reaction.
ATP hydrolysis
The process of breaking down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the primary reactants being carbon dioxide and water.
Photosynthesis evolved from prokaryotic cells
Mention that early photosynthetic processes arose in simple prokaryotic organisms.
Overall formula for photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2.
Light dependent reaction
The phase of photosynthesis that converts light energy into chemical energy, producing ATP and NADPH.
Calvin cycle
The stage of photosynthesis that does not require light, where CO2 is fixed into glucose.
Aerobic respiration
A metabolic process that requires oxygen to convert glucose into ATP.
Overall formula for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP.
Glycolysis
The process of breaking down glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism.
Reactants of glycolysis
Glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, 4 P.
Products of glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP (net gain 2 ATP).
Pyruvate oxidation
The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA before entering the Krebs cycle.
Krebs cycle
A series of enzymatic reactions that produce energy carriers from acetyl-CoA.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced using NADH and FADH2.
ETC in cellular respiration
Electron transport chain; a series of proteins that transfer electrons to produce ATP.
Fermentation
The metabolic process that converts sugars to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.
Lactic acid fermentation
A form of fermentation that occurs in muscle cells producing lactic acid.
Alcoholic fermentation
Fermentation process used by yeast to convert sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Location of glycolysis
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Reactants of glycolysis
Glucose, 2 NAD+, and 2 ATP.
Products of glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and a net gain of 2 ATP.
Location of pyruvate oxidation
Pyruvate oxidation occurs in the mitochondria.
Reactants of pyruvate oxidation
2 pyruvate and 2 NAD+.
Products of pyruvate oxidation
2 acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, and 2 CO2.
Location of the Krebs cycle
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
Reactants of the Krebs cycle
Acetyl-CoA and 3 NAD+, 1 FAD, and 1 ADP.
Products of the Krebs cycle
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 2 CO2 per Acetyl-CoA.
Location of oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Reactants of oxidative phosphorylation
NADH, FADH2, and O2.
Products of oxidative phosphorylation
ATP and H2O.
Location of the light dependent reactions
Light dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
Reactants of light dependent reactions
Water, light energy, NADP+, and ADP.
Products of light dependent reactions
ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
What is the role of photosystems in photosynthesis?
Photosystems capture light energy and transfer it to the electron transport chain.
What is the function of the electron transport chain (ETC)?
The ETC transfers electrons through a series of proteins, creating a proton gradient to produce ATP.
What is the role of ATP synthase?
ATP synthase uses the proton gradient created by the ETC to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP.
Location of the Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.
Reactants of the Calvin cycle
Carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH.
Products of the Calvin cycle
Glucose (or G3P), ADP, and NADP+.
Importance of the proton gradient in ATP synthesis
The proton gradient generated by the ETC drives the synthesis of ATP via ATP synthase.
What is fermentation?
Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugars to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.
Types of fermentation?
The two main types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
What happens during lactic acid fermentation?
During lactic acid fermentation, glucose is converted into lactic acid and ATP without the use of oxygen.
Reactants of lactic acid fermentation?
The reactants of lactic acid fermentation are glucose and NAD+.
Products of lactic acid fermentation?
The products of lactic acid fermentation are lactic acid and NAD+.
What happens during alcoholic fermentation?
In alcoholic fermentation, glucose is converted into ethanol, carbon dioxide, and ATP.
Reactants of alcoholic fermentation?
The reactants of alcoholic fermentation are glucose and NAD+.
Products of alcoholic fermentation?
The products of alcoholic fermentation are ethanol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+.
How is glycolysis related to fermentation?
Glycolysis is the first step in fermentation, breaking down glucose into pyruvate, which is then converted to lactic acid or ethanol.
Reactants of glycolysis?
The reactants of glycolysis are glucose, 2 ATP, and 2 NAD+.
Products of glycolysis?
The products of glycolysis are 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and a net gain of 2 ATP.
