Organelles

Nucleus

-Structure: Double membrane (Nuclear envelope) with pores

-Function: Stores genetic information, synthesis of RNA, ribosome subunit assembly

Rough ER

-Structure: membrane studded with ribosomes attached to nuclear envelope

-Function: Site of membrane-bound protein and secreted protein synthesis, cell compartmentalization, mechanical support, role in intracellular transport

Smooth ER

-Structure: Folded, tubelike structure (cisternoe)

-Functions: Detoxification, calcium storage, lipid synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

-Structure: Membrane-bound structure composed on flattened sacs (cisternoe)

-Function: Folding and chemical modification of synthesized proteins, packaging protein traffic

Ribosomes

-Structure: Composed of rRNA and protein, large and small subunites, bound or free (cytoplasmic)

-Functions: Protein synthesis

Mitochondria

-Structure: Double membrane (outer: smooth, inner: highly folded)

-Functions: Site of oxidative phosphorylation (cristae/inner membrane), site of Krebs Cycle

Chloroplast

-Structure: Double outer membrane (thylakoid sac stacked: grana, fluid: stroma)

-Function: Site of photosynthesis, Thylakoid: Light Reactions, Stroma: Calvin Cycle

Vacuole

-Structure: membrane-bound sac

-Function: Storage and release of macromolecules and cellular waste products. Central: water retention- turgor pressure. Contractile: osmoregulation. Food: phagocytosis, fuse with lysosome

Lysosome

-Structure: membrane-enclosed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes

-Function: Intracellular digestion (recycle cell organic materials and programmed cell death-apoptosis)