Bio Unit 2: Macromolecules and Cell Biology

Organic Compounds

formed because of Carbons ability to make FOUR bonds

Isomers

have the same molecular formula but different structures

Hydrocarbons

composed of only one carbon and hydrogen

Organic Compound’s Properties

depends on the SIZE AND SHAPE of its carbon backbone and the ELEMENTS ATTACHED TO its skeleton

Functional Groups

give organic molecules specific chemical properties

Hydroxyl Group

Carbonyl Group

Amino Group

Phosphate Group

Methyl Group

Macromolecules

large molecules also called polymers

Polymer

made of the same or similar building blocks strung together

Monomers

The building blocks of polymers

Dehydration Reaction

links monomers together to form polymers

Hydrolysis

opposite of dehydration reaction and breaks polymers apart

Enzymes

mediate dehydration reaction and hydrolysis

Dehydration Reaction

Hydrolysis

Carbohydrates

range from small sugar molecules (monomers) to large polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

sugar monomers

Glucose

Simple Structure of Glucose

Disaccharide

two monosaccharides (monomers) bond in dehydration reaction

Glycosidic linkage

the bond between monosaccharides

Cellulose

the structure found in plant cells

Chitin

structure of insect and crustacean and fungal cell walls

Starch and Glycogen

energy storage polysaccharides

Lipids

diverse hydrophobic (water fearing) compounds composed largely of carbon and hydrogen

Fats

consist of glycerol linked to fatty acids

Unsaturated Fats (plant oils)

fatty acids with one or more double bonds

Saturated Fats (animal fats)

fats with the max number of hydrogens

Hydrogenation

unsaturated fatty acids become saturated when hydrogen is added

Trans Fats

created when hydrogenation takes place and is linked to health risks

Ester linkage

the bond between a glycerol and a fatty acid

Phospholipids

componets of cell membranes

Steroids

cholesterol and some hormones

Cholesterol

common component in animal cell membrane. Also the precursor for making other steroids and sex hormones

Anabolic Steroids

synthetic variants of testosterone that are abused by some athletes with serious consequences

Proteins

Involved in many dynamic functions in your body. composed of different arrangements of a common set of 20 amino acids

Protein Functions

depends on there shape

Denaturation

a protein unravels, loses its shape, and therefore its function. Changes by environment

Amino Acids

Protein monomer. contain an amino group, carboxyl group, H atom and R group

R Group

Distinguish the 20 amino acids. Each have specific properties

Peptide Bonds

amino acids come together in a dehydration reaction

Polypeptide

A chain of amino acids

Primary Structure

protein in the order of amino acids

Secondary Structure

the coiling and folding of the protein

Tertiary Structure

the 3D globular shape making a functional protein

Quaternary Structure

many tertiary proteins together

Nucleotides

The monomer of a nucleic acid

Nucleic Acids

composed of sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

DNA

DNA

double helix

RiboNucleic Acid

RNA

RNA

single chain