Biology - Chapter 8 - Exchange and transport in animals

In terms of specialised exchange surfaces, the larger the organism, the - its surface area to volume ratio will be. Is the - smaller or larger?

smaller

What do larger organisms rely on?

specialised exchange systems

What are four characteristics of specialised exchange systems?

Large surface areas, thin membranes, permeable membranes and a diffusion gradient

What are some examples of specialised exchange surfaxes?

Alveoli, leaves and root hair cells, villi, gills

What are three characteristics of alveoli?

Short diffusion pathway, large surface area, moist so gases dissolve

What does air pass through in lung and gas exchange?

Air → mouth → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

What is alveoli?

The site of gas exchange

What is the equation for breathing rate?

Number of breaths / number of minutes

What is the role of the circulatory system?

To transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues

What three things does the circulatory system rely on?

Blood, blood vessels and the heart

What is the role of blood in the circulatory system?

Carrying oxygen and nutrients

What is the role of blood vessels in the circulatory system?

Holding the blood

What is the role of the heart in the circulatory system?

Pumping the blood

What is the purpose of valves?

To prevent the backflow of blood

What does the heart have that enables it to pump blood around the body?

Muscular walls

How many chambers does the heart have?

four

Do veins bring blood into the heart or out of the heart?

Into the heart

Do arteries bring blood into the heart or away from the heart?

Away from the heart

What are the top chambers of the heart known as?

Atria

What are the bottom chambers of the heart known as?

Ventricles

How does blood flow into the heart?

Via the vena cava and the pulmonary vein

Where is the vena cava located?

In the right atrium

Does the vena cava carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Deoxygenated

Where is the pulmonary vein located?

In the left atrium

Does the pulmonary vein carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Oxygenated

What do coronary arteries do?

Provide oxygen and nutrients

Where is the blood pushed into in the heart?

Into the ventricles and then to the pulmonary artery (lungs) and then the aorta (body)

What do capillaries do?

Exchange nutrients and oxygen with tissues

What are the characteristics of arteries?

Strong muscle tissue, elastic, have a lumen

What are the characteristics of capillaries?

Small, take away waste, exchange substances with cells, single celled walls, permeable, small lumen

What are the characteristics of veins?

Large lumens, thin walls, valves

What is the equation for the rate of bloodflow?

Amount of blood / time

What do red blood cells do?

Carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues

What do white blood cells do?

Defend against infection

What do platelets do?

Clot blood for healing

What does plasma do?

Carries everything, makes blood flow

What does oxygen bind with in red blood cells?

Haemoglobin

What are the characteristics of red blood cells?

No nucleus, large surface area

What is cellular respiration?

An exothermic reaction, which transfers energy from glucose, and is continuously occurring in living cells

What are the uses of energy within the body?

Building larger molecules from smaller ones, maintain body temperature and muscle contraction

What is metabolism?

All of the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

Is aerobic or anaerobic respiration more common?

Aerobic respiration

What is aerobic respiration?

The most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose

Is aerobic respiration continous?

Yes

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

In the mitochondria

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

What does anaerobic respiration produce?

Lactic acid

Is anaerobic respiration a complete or incomplete process?

Incomplete