some object properties remain constant even though proximal stimulus conditions change
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registration/sensation
apprehension/perceptual adjustment
2 phases of perceptual constancy
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size constancy
the perceived size of an object remains constant, despite changes in its retinal image
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constancy scaling
we are constantly adjusting based on what we know
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minification
when we adjust, result is a bit of an understatement, not a perfect process
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direct perception/ecological explanation to size constancy
we compare objects to context/background which helps us adjust
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constructive explanation to size constancy
experience plays a role
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Muller-Lyer Illusion
illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different (constructivists say it's because of wall corners)
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Ponzo illusion
An illusion of size in which two objects of equal size that are positioned between two converging lines appear to be different in size. Also called the railroad track illusion.
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moon illusion
An illusion in which the moon appears to be larger when it is on or near the horizon than when it is high in the sky.
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shape constancy
the perceived shape of an object remains constant, despite changes in its retinal image
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normative orientation
based on our own experience with an object
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box alignment illusion
parallel line objects appear to be moving different ways, sensitivity to instructions (look at line vs which way are objects moving)
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lightness/whiteness constancy
the perceived lightness of an object remains constant, despite changes in its retinal image
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ratio principle
the ratio of luminance between an object and surrounding elements determines the object's perceived lightness (direct/computational theory)
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retinex theory
ratio principles may only work on localized edges of objects, related to lateral inhibition (direct/computational theory)
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Cues about Illumination
depends on reflectance levels
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Gelb 1929 demonstration
white/black disc, ratio principle restored once projector was revealed, shows experience element
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color/hue constancy
the perceived color of an object remains constant, despite changes in its retinal image
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cues and knowledge (disc experiment)
constructive explanation for color constancy
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ratio principle
direct/computational explanation for color constancy
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adaptation
physiological explanation for color constancy
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position constancy
the perceived position of an object remains constant, despite changes in its retinal image
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object-relative position
The position of one object in relation to the position and orientation of another object
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Egocentric Direction
direction in which the object is located relative to yourself
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-loudness (related to intensity) -odor (nose-blind)
Studied by 1 person
