Central Dogma of Biology

First week review

DNA converts to RNA converts to Protein

DNA: stored in the nucleus, convert to RNA in the nucleus. RNA: leaves the nucleus and move to the cytoplasm, then is is converted to protein by ribosomes & ER.

DNA

Double helix structure, made up of two complementary strands. 4 nucleotides:
• Purines: adenine (A), guanine (G)
• Pyrimidines: cytosine (C) and
thymine (T)
• Base-pair: A-T, C-G

-Phosphate backbone

DNA vs RNA

RNA: Ribose sugar, Uracil (U), single stranded

DNA: Deoxyribose sugar, Thymine (T), double stranded

Proteins

Main structural and functional units of cells

Accomplish most functions of cells

Common cells and their functions

There are over 200 cells

• Erythrocytes, fibroblasts, Epithelial cells: connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases

• Skeletal muscle cells and smooth muscle cells: moves organs and body parts

• Fat cell: Stores nutrients

• Macrophage: Fights disease

• Sperm: reproduction

• Nerve cell: Gathers information and controls body functions

Nucleus

Contains genetic blueprint aka DNA

• Uninucleate (one nucleus) – most cells
• Multinucleate (many nuclei) – skeletal muscle cell
• Anucleate (no nucleus) – red blood cell

Plasma Membrane

• AKA cell membrane

• Acts as barrier separating Intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF)

• Controls what enters and what leaves

• Made of lipids

Lipids

Polar head, non-polar tail

• Contain C, H, O and sometimes contain P
• Insoluble in water

*polar head is hydrophilic meaning it loves water and the non polar is hydrophobic

Cytoplasm

All cellular material that is located between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus
• Gel-like solution made up of water and proteins

Cytoplasm = cytosol + cytoskeleton

Cytosol: fluid part, mostly water made up of cytoplasm, lots of ions dissolved along with molecules.

Cytoskeleton: Long protein rod making internal structure for cell, allows other organelles to tether in place, resists deformations, allows movement, internal signaling, tracks for motor proteins-transports within cell.

Mitochondria

• “power plant” - produce most of cell’s energy
molecules , ATP
• Aerobic respiration- glucose + 𝑂2 -> ATP

ATP

ATP
• ATP, adenosine triphosphate
• Supplies the energy needed for many bodily functions

(Mechanics: ATP phosphorylates contractile proteins in muscle cells so cells contract or shorten)

Ribosome & endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes: Site or protein synthesis and notes on rough ER

ER: Synthesis and modifications of proteins

Smooth ER

Lipid synthesis and cell specific functions

Golgi Apparatus

• Modifies and packages proteins and lipids received from ER

• Sends products out or cell for use or uses within cell

Lysosomes + Peroxisomes

Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes for breaking down molecules

Peroxisomes: Oxidative (lost electrons) organelles for breaking down toxins and lipids

Summary of innerworkings of cells

Nucleus = DNA storage - where blueprints are kept

Mitochondrion = Energy productions - powerplant

ER = Protein, lipid productions; export - primary production line

Golgi = Protein modification and export - shipping department

Peroxisome = Lipid destruction; contains oxidative enzymes - security and waste removal

Lysosome = Protein discretion - recycling and security

Cytoskeleton = Structure support - infrastructure

Cell cycle

Process the cell goes through to make a new one

Mitosis

Division of the cells, separate duplicated DNA to two new cells

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

IPMAT - I Passed My Anatomy Test

Interphase

• G1: growth phase 1
• S: Growth and DNA synthesis
• G2: growth and final preparations for division

Prior to mitosis - DNA replication or duplication

Phrophase

Nuclear membrane breaks up

Metaphase

Replicated DNAs align at cell’s midline

Anaphase

Shortest phase, DNA separates and are pulled toward opposite poles

Telophase

New nuclear membrane forms

Cytokinesis

Two daughter cells are pinched apart and cytoplasm is divided

Summary of mitosis

In interphase there centrosome and chromosome and then DNA is copied and in prophase chromosomes pair up, in metaphase they line up at the equator, in anaphase sister chromatids are pulled apart, telophase & cytokinesis cell pinches in the middle and two identical daughter cells are created.