MED TERM 6: disorders, procedures, & testing

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

prostate enlargement (non-cancerous) when prostate presses against the urethra, causing it to narrow

transurethral procedure

instrument is inserted through urethra to widen it or destroy the prostate with heat

transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT)

eliminates excess tissue present in BPH by using microwave-generated heat

transurethral incision of prostate

procedure that widens urethra by making a few small incisions in bladder neck & prostate gland

transurethral resection of prostate (TURP)

surgical removal of prostate gland pieces through urethral instrument

digital rectal exam

lubricated, gloved finger up rectum to feel prostate through rectal wall

pelvic lymphadenectomy

surgical procedure to remove lymph nodes in pelvis

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

measures pH in blood, a substance made by the prostate that may be found in higher than normal amounts of blood of men with prostate cancer

PSMA PET scan

imaging procedure used to help find prostate cancer cells that have spread outside of prostate, into bone, lymph nodes, and other organs

seminal vesicle biopsy

removal of fluid from seminal vesicle using a needle

transrectal ultrasound

finger-size probe is inserted into rectum to check prostate

transrectal MRI

procedure that uses a strong magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body

transrectal biopsy

removal of tissue from prostate by inserting a thin needle through rectum and into prostate

watchful waiting

treatment used for older men whose prostate cancer is found during a screening test with no signs or symptoms

radical prostatectomy

surgical procedure to remove prostate, surrounding tissue, and seminal vesicles

open radical prostatectomy

an incision made in lower abdomen or perineum (area between anus & scrotum)

radical laparoscopic prostatectomy

several small incisions are made in the abdominal wall and a laparoscope is inserted through one opening to guide surgery

robot-assisted laraparoscopic radical

several small incisions in abdominal wall; camera inserted through one opening & surgical instruments go through the other opening

pelvic lymphadenectomy

lymph nodes are removed from pelvis for examination under microscope by pathologist

radiation therapy

uses high energy x-rays/other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing

radiopharmaceutical therapy

uses a radioactive substance to treat metastatic prostate cancer that has spread to the bone

hormone therapy

anti-androgen therapy; reduces amount of testosterone or blocks its action to stop prostate cancer cells from growing

chemotherapy

uses medication to stop cancer cell growth by killing cells or stopping them

immunotherapy

uses patient’s immune system to fight cancer

hydrocele

swelling caused by fluid collecting in the sac surrounding a testicle

sexually transmitted infections/STD

infection acquired through sex

genital herpes

caused by herpes simplex virus; blisters in genital area

human papillomavirus (HPV)

spreads through sex & skin to skin contact in the genital area

chlamydia

STI caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis

gonorrhea

STI that infects the mucous membranes and is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhea

HIV

targets and attacks T helper cells of the immune system

syphillis

spread by direct contact with open sore during vaginal, anal, and & oral sex

chancre

painless, hard sore appearing during the primary stage of syphillis

trichomoniasis

STI caused by a single-celled protozoan parasite

urology

study of male/female urinary systems & male reproductive system

semen analysis

evaluates quality and volume of the man’s sperm

ph level

semen analysis: whether semen is too acidic

sperm concentration

semen analysis: number of sperm per mL of semen

sperm morphology

semen analysis: sperm size/shape

sperm motility

semen analysis: ability of sperm to swim to the egg

time to liquefaction

semen analysis: how quickly semen goes from sticky to liquid

vitality

% of live sperm

white blood cells

semen analysis: sign of infection and inflammation

hydrocelectomy

surgical removal of fluid-filled sac around testicle causing scrotal swelling

circumcision

surgical removal of the foreskin

phimosis

involving abnormal tightness of the foreskin preventing retraction over the glans penis